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| Name | Class |
|---|---|
| Leiden University Medical Center | OTHER |
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The study will consist of five occasions with one week in between. BOLD signal intensity of the hypothalamus will be measured using fMRI. Measurements will be done before and after drinking 300 ml plain water (reference) or water to which different sweeteners will be added.
The hypothalamus is known to be important for control of feeding behaviour as well as the regulation of temperature. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive method, which detects transient haemodynamic changes in the brain, using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal differences.
In order to investigate the role of hypothalamic neural activity in response to different sweeteners, fMRI will be performed before, during and after ingestion of 300 ml plain water or 300 ml water containing 50 g glucose, 50 g fructose, 50 g sucrose or 0.33 g sucralose (high intensity sweetener not providing energy). All beverages will be consumed at 22 °C.
The study uses a randomized cross-over design in 16 healthy male subjects with a normal body weight. There will be an interval of at least one week between the five occasions.
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent signal intensity of the hypothalamus will be continuously measured for 21 minutes (5 minutes baseline, 4 minutes during drinking and 12 minutes after drinking).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water-glucose-sucralose-fructose-sucrose | Experimental | First plain water, then glucose, then sucralose, then fructose and then sucrose |
|
| water-sucralose-glucose-sucrose-fructose | Experimental | First plain water, then sucralose, then glucose, then sucrose and then fructose |
|
| Glucose-water-fructose-sucralose-sucrose | Experimental | First glucose, then plain water, then fructose, then sucralose and then sucrose |
|
| Glucose-fructose-water-sucrose-sucralose | Experimental | First glucose, then fructose, then plain water, then sucrose and then sucralose |
|
| Fructose-glucose-sucrose-water-sucralose | Experimental |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Water | Other | Water, 300 ml at room temperature |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Hypothalamic function in response to glucose, fructose, sucrose, and sucralose | fMRI will be performed before and after ingestion | Change from baseline (measured during 5 minutes before start of dinking) to post consumption (measured during 12 minutes after drinking). Drinking took 4 minutes. |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Diabetes or history of other disturbances of glucose metabolism (eg impaired glucose tolerance, hypoglycaemia).
Any genetic or psychiatric disease (e.g. fragile X syndrome, major depression) affecting brain
Any significant chronic disease
Renal or hepatic disease
Recent weight changes or attempts to lose weight (> 3 kg weight gain or loss, within the last 3 months)
Smoking (current or last 6 months)
Alcohol consumption of more than 21 units per week or use of recreational drugs at present or in the last year
Recent blood donation (within the last 2 months)
Recent participation in other biomedical research projects (within the last 3 months), participation in 3 or more biomedical research projects in one year
Contra-indication to MRI scanning:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Jeroen van der Grond, Dr | Leiden University Medical Center | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum | Leiden | South Holland | Netherlands |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 29806553 | Derived | van Opstal AM, Hafkemeijer A, van den Berg-Huysmans AA, Hoeksma M, Blonk C, Pijl H, Rombouts SARB, van der Grond J. Brain activity and connectivity changes in response to glucose ingestion. Nutr Neurosci. 2020 Feb;23(2):110-117. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2018.1477538. Epub 2018 May 27. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D014867 | Water |
| D005947 | Glucose |
| D005632 | Fructose |
| D013395 | Sucrose |
| C026285 | trichlorosucrose |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D006878 | Hydroxides |
| D000468 | Alkalies |
| D007287 | Inorganic Chemicals |
| D000838 | Anions |
| D007477 |
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First fructose, then glucose, then sucrose, then plain water and then sucralose
|
| Fructose-sucrose-glucose-sucralose-water | Experimental | First fructose, then sucrose, then glucose, then sucralose and then plain water |
|
| Sucrose-fructose-sucralose-glucose-water | Experimental | First sucrose, then fructose, then sucralose, then glucose and then plain water |
|
| Sucrose-sucralose-fructose-water-glucose | Experimental | First sucrose, then sucralose, then fructose, then plain water and then glucose |
|
| Sucralose-water-sucrose-glucose-fructose | Experimental | First sucralose, then plain water, then sucrose, then glucose and then fructose |
|
| Sucralose-sucrose-water-fructose-glucose | Experimental | First sucralose, then sucrose, then plain water, then fructose and then glucose |
|
| Glucose | Other | Glucose, 50 grams in 300 ml water at room temperature |
|
| Fructose | Other | Fructose, 50 grams in 300 ml water at room temperature |
|
| Sucrose | Other | Sucrose, 50 grams in 300 ml water at room temperature |
|
| Sucralose | Other | Sucralose, 0.33 grams in 300 ml water at room temperature |
|
| Ions |
| D004573 | Electrolytes |
| D010087 | Oxides |
| D017601 | Oxygen Compounds |
| D006601 | Hexoses |
| D009005 | Monosaccharides |
| D000073893 | Sugars |
| D002241 | Carbohydrates |
| D007661 | Ketoses |
| D004187 | Disaccharides |
| D009844 | Oligosaccharides |
| D011134 | Polysaccharides |