This study is a sub-investigation of SAFAR study. Consecutive patients with established hypertension (treated or untreated with antihypertensive drugs) or with suspected hypertension are recruited and their 24-hour brachial and aortic blood pressures, cardiovascular risk factors and target organ damage are assessed. And the participants' target organ damage, cardiovascular events, cardiovascular and overall mortality will be followed four years later.

SAFAR study is an ongoing perspective study which is performed in Greek. We have been participated this study and now we are going to expand this study in Chinese population.

In Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, we recruit consecutive patients who meet the including criteria. And their medical and family history are obtained with standardized structured questionnaire including information about smoking and drinking and exercise habits, history of diabetes mellitus, cardio-cerebrovascular disease, renal disease and peripheral arterial disease, use of antihypertensive, lipid-regulating and hypoglycemic drugs. Their biochemical examinations of venous blood and urine were measured after an overnight fast.

For the 24-hour brachial and aortic ambulatory blood pressure monitoring of each patient, we use the Mobil-O-Graph NG apparatus (IEM, Stolberg, Germany), which is well validated and now commercially available.

All participants underwent carotid and cardiac ultrasonography by a validated ultrasound system (Mylab 30 CV machine, ESAOTE SPA, Genoa, Italy). The parameters of cardiac function and structure and the parameters of carotid arteries are assessed according to the ASE recommendation. Further, we use these parameters to estimate the damage of heart and carotid artery including left ventricular mass index (LVMI), carotid left ventricular diastolic function (LVDD), intima-media thickness (CIMT) and cross-sectional area(CCSA).

Four years later, the above measurements will be performed again and the corresponding data of events and mortality will be collected.

Inclusion Criteria:

• patients with established hypertension (treated or untreated with antihypertensive drugs) or with suspected hypertension

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age<18 years old
• the absence of sinus rhythm during BP monitoring
• any modification in cardiovascular disease medication in the past month
• inability to provide informed consent or unwillingness/inability to adhere to study protocol

Consecutive patients with established hypertension (treated or untreated with antihypertensive drugs) or with suspected hypertension