The purpose of this study is to determine whether non-invasive atherosclerotic measurements (baPWV, IMT, FMD, CACS, ABI) are valuable predictors for cardiovascular events in elderly. At inception, routine physical examination and non-invasive atherosclerotic measurements will conducted on all participants. Then they will be followed prospectively for at least 2 years. All cardiovascular and other health events will be recorded.

Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in the world, especially in elderly. Conventional risk factors are widely used in clinical practice, but it is inadequate and inaccurate due to no direct evaluation of artery. However, invasive method, it is difficult to be applied in atherosclerosis screening and only used in advanced institutions, is expensive and unacceptable. We are trying to assess the value of noninvasive measurements in predicting cardiovascular events.

Five invasive methods will be applied in the study, including

• brachial-ankle Pulse Wave Velocity(baPWV)
• Carotid Intimal-Medial Thickness(CIMT)
• Flow Mediated Dilation(FMD)
• Ankle-Brachial Index(ABI)
• Coronary Artery Calcification Score(CACS)

These indices represent not only different phase of atherosclerosis, but also various sections and arterial layers.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Chinese, age>=60, no gender restriction.
• To be able to apply the measurement mentioned above.
• Medical history are maintained precisely.
• Tianjin Medical University General Hospital is the participants' designated hospital by national health authority.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Systemic inflammation.
• Malignant tumor
• Chronic lung disease
• Liver disease
• Aortic aneurysm

Subjects with an age>=60 years, who are designated for healthcare in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital will be enrolled in the study and there is no restriction on gender. Medical histroy are recorded precisely. The protocol was approved by our Institutional Ethics Committee and all subjects give informed consent before participating.