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Most studies on menu labels have been conducted in mostly non-Hispanic white individuals, and how menu labels affect calories and macronutrients ordered in Hispanics is not clearly understood. This study evaluated the impact of menu labels on calories and macronutrients ordered in Hispanics.
According to review studies, calorie labels on menus is not effective in reducing the number of calories ordered or consumed. Adding contextual information such as the energy needs per meal or interpretive information such as minutes of walking needed to burn the food calories or rank-ordering the food items from the lowest to the highest calorie content may be more effective in making food selections with fewer calories. Most studies on menu labels have, however, been conducted in mostly non-Hispanic white individuals, and how menu labels affect food choices in Hispanics in not well understood. This study evaluated the impact of menu labels on calories and macronutrients ordered in Hispanics by randomly assigning the participants to a menu with no labels (no labels), a menu with rank ordered calorie labels and a statement on the energy needs per meal (calorie labels), and a menu with rank ordered exercise labels (exercise labels). Calories and macronutrients ordered by the participants was assessed.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Calorie Labels | Experimental | A menu with rank ordered calorie labels and a statement on the energy needs per meal. |
|
| Exercise Labels | Experimental | A menu with rank ordered exercise labels showing minutes of brisk walking necessary to burn the food calories. |
|
| No Labels | Active Comparator | A menu with no labels |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calorie Labels | Behavioral | Participants were asked to order food from the assigned menu as if they were having lunch in a fast food restaurant. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Calories Ordered | Calories content of the food items ordered from the assigned menu was calculated. | 20-30 minutes |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Macronutrients ordered | Macronutrients content of the food items ordered from the assigned menu was calculated. | 20-30 minutes |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Meena Shah, Ph.D. | Tzu Chi University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meena Shah | Fort Worth | Texas | 76129 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25790388 | Background | Long MW, Tobias DK, Cradock AL, Batchelder H, Gortmaker SL. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of restaurant menu calorie labeling. Am J Public Health. 2015 May;105(5):e11-24. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302570. Epub 2015 Mar 19. | |
| 22152038 | Result | Swartz JJ, Braxton D, Viera AJ. Calorie menu labeling on quick-service restaurant menus: an updated systematic review of the literature. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011 Dec 8;8:135. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-135. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005518 | Food Preferences |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005247 | Feeding Behavior |
| D001519 | Behavior |
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| Exercise Labels | Behavioral | Participants were asked to order food from the assigned menu as if they were having lunch in a fast food restaurant. |
|
| No Labels | Behavioral | Participants were asked to order food from the assigned menu as if they were having lunch in a fast food restaurant. |
|
| 25037558 | Result | Sinclair SE, Cooper M, Mansfield ED. The influence of menu labeling on calories selected or consumed: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2014 Sep;114(9):1375-1388.e15. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2014.05.014. Epub 2014 Jul 16. |
| 27402619 | Derived | Shah M, Bouza B, Adams-Huet B, Jaffery M, Esposito P, Dart L. Effect of calorie or exercise labels on menus on calories and macronutrients ordered and calories from specific foods in Hispanic participants: a randomized study. J Investig Med. 2016 Dec;64(8):1261-1268. doi: 10.1136/jim-2016-000227. Epub 2016 Jul 8. |