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The proposed study aims to determine the metabolic and appetite responses to standard breakfast and lunch meals whilst altering the timing of whey protein supplementation. Currently, the designs implemented in many studies mean that it is unclear whether an optimum time for whey protein consumption exists in order to promote the greatest acute health benefits. A number of studies have investigated the effects of whey protein when consumed as a preload to a subsequent meal, whilst benefits have also been shown when whey protein is ingested with a meal. The proposed study will therefore investigate strategies of whey protein supplementation that vary in their practical applicability, using meals that reflect regular eating behaviours throughout the population in a sample of overweight/obese individuals.
Findings from this study may provide important information regarding the efficacy of whey protein supplementation before, during and after a composite meal, and its effect on the handling of a subsequent mixed-macronutrient meal.
A randomised crossover design shall be implemented, whereby all participants complete 4 trials separated by a minimum of 3 days. On all visits participants shall consume a standardised mixed-macronutrient breakfast meal, followed 180 minutes later by consumption of a standard lunch meal. The timing of additional protein supplementation shall vary by trial, with participants consuming a shake containing 20g whey protein isolate either as a preload (15 minutes prior to breakfast), alongside the breakfast meal, or 15 minutes following breakfast consumption. A control trial shall also be completed without additional protein supplementation. At all supplementation time points participants shall consume either a flavoured whey protein shake or a flavoured water isovolumetric beverage ensuring that they remain blinded to the condition. Venous and capillary blood samples and visual analogue scales (for determination of subjective appetite sensations) shall be taken at regular intervals following both meals while the participant is rested.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non Protein Trial | Sham Comparator | Mixed Macronutrient Breakfast Meal and Mixed Macronutrient Lunch Meal served without additional whey protein |
|
| Preload Trial | Experimental | Whey protein (20g) administered 15 minutes prior to Mixed Macronutrient Breakfast Meal |
|
| With Meal Trial | Experimental | Whey protein (20g) administered alongside Mixed Macronutrient Breakfast Meal |
|
| Post Meal Trial | Experimental | Whey protein (20g) administered 15 minutes after Mixed Macronutrient Breakfast Meal |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whey Protein | Dietary Supplement | 20 g whey protein isolate (Arla Foods Ingredients Group) added to 200ml water and served as a beverage |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Postprandial blood glucose responses | Blood glucose concentration determined in whole blood sampled at regular intervals post-breakfast and post-lunch | 0-360 minutes post breakfast |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Acute subjective appetite responses | Subjective appetite ratings determined from Visual Analogue Scales sampled at regular intervals | 0-360 minutes post breakfast |
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Criteria for inclusion are as follows:
Criteria for exclusion are as follows:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Emma J Stevenson, PhD | Northumbria University | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University | Newcastle upon Tyne | Tyne and Wear | NE1 8ST | United Kingdom |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D056128 | Obesity, Abdominal |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009765 | Obesity |
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D000067816 | Whey Proteins |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D008894 | Milk Proteins |
| D000080224 | Animal Proteins, Dietary |
| D004044 | Dietary Proteins |
| D011506 | Proteins |
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| Mixed Macronutrient Breakfast Meal | Other | A standardised mixed-macronutrient breakfast served to all participants. The macronutrient distribution of the breakfast is 13% protein, 70% carbohydrate, 17% fat (1958 kJ; 468 kcal total) |
|
| Mixed Macronutrient Lunch Meal | Other | A standardised mixed-macronutrient lunch served to all participants. The macronutrient distribution of the lunch is 14% protein, 51% carbohydrate, 35% fat (3506 kJ; 838 kcal total) |
|
| D009750 |
| Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D000602 |
| Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins |
| D000067796 | Whey |
| D008892 | Milk |
| D003611 | Dairy Products |
| D005502 | Food |
| D000066888 | Diet, Food, and Nutrition |
| D010829 | Physiological Phenomena |
| D019602 | Food and Beverages |