The Effect of Milk Proteins on Satiety, Food Intake and Metabolic Control (Glycemia) in Early Adulthood

The Effect of Milk Proteins on Satiety, Food Intake and Metabolic Control (Glycemia) in Early Adulthood

The purpose of this study is to develop and test modified milk protein products to determine the effects of amino acids on food intake, satiety, insulin secretion and glucose control by insulin-independent action in healthy adults.

1. A total of 33 males and females will participate in the study. Capillary blood samples will be collected from all participants to measure plasma glucose over a 3.5 hour postprandial study.
2. Intravenous blood samples will be collected from a subset of 12 (6 males and 6 females) participants for determination of insulin, satiety hormones, acetaminophen (gastric emptying rates), and determination of amino acid profiles.

Inclusion Criteria:

• BMI 20 - 24.9 kg/m2
• Healthy as determined by screening questionnaire
• Male or Female
• Non-smoking
• Normal fasting plasma glucose (<5.5 mmol/L), but not below 3.3 mmol/L.
• Prior use of acetaminophen

Exclusion Criteria:

• Gastrointestinal conditions or illness (including, but not limited to, lactose intolerance, Celiac, Crohn's, Ulcerative Colitis (UC), Irritable Bowel Disorder (IBD)
• Weight loss or weight gain of more than 5 kg during the previous 2 months
• Taking medication or protein supplements (excluding oral contraceptive, multivitamins and folic acid)
• Serious medical condition (ie. Renal, liver)
• Lack of appetite or skipping breakfast
• Restrained eaters as defined as having a Three Factor Eating Questionnaire-Cognitive Restraint >16
• Smoking
• Reported intolerance to milk or very low consumption (< 2 servings per week) as assessed by in-person screening. Or not liking of the research foods.
• Food allergies or intolerances as well as anaphylactic or life-threatening allergies - food or otherwise
• Diabetes or other metabolic diseases that could interfere with study outcomes
• Acetaminophen, codeine or opioid allergy
• Pregnant or Breast Feeding
• Typical alcohol consumption of not more than 4 drinks per sitting