This study is a clinical trial of moderate sedation versus deep sedation with propofol for procedural sedation in the Emergency Department. The purpose of this study is to compare the rate of amnesia and respiratory depression rate in patients who receive moderate sedation to those that receive deep sedation.

Purpose: For the pilot phase, if the visual memory assessment test developed in this study can adequately assess periods of amnesia during the procedure, then it can be used for the phase of the study that randomizes patients to moderate or deep sedation. The purpose of the randomized phase is to compare the rate of amnesia and respiratory depression in patients who receive moderate sedation to those that received deep sedation. The goal is to determine whether moderate sedation could provide a safer sedation while still resulting in adequate amnesia of the procedure. Secondary goals would be to compare the duration of sedation, the success of the procedures for which the patient is sedated, procedural difficulty, the rate of hypotension and other adverse events, and the patient perception of the quality of the sedation (pain or recall of procedure).

Background: Adequate pain control and alleviation of anxiety improves quality of care and patient satisfaction. Numerous studies have found that procedural sedation (PS) in the ED is safe, and when properly administered, the incidence of reported complications, including clinically significant respiratory depression, is rare. Procedural sedation is used for procedures such as fracture reduction, dislocation reduction, cardioversion, incision and drainage, and chest tube placement. Propofol is an anesthetic agent frequently used for PS in the Emergency Department (ED) and produces sedation, hypnosis, and amnesia, but lacks analgesic properties. In studies conducted at Hennepin County Medical Center (HCMC), we have found that patients are unable to recall whether or not they experienced pain during the procedure when sedated with propofol. However, there is the possibility that certain parts of the procedure can be later recalled by the patient. If extensive parts of the procedure can be recalled, then this is not an effective sedation. Previous studies of memory during sedation at HCMC have used verbal prompts only, but research has shown that people can more readily remember images. Images may provide a more sensitive way to determine the degree of amnesia during sedation.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults undergoing procedural sedation with propofol in the emergency department

Exclusion Criteria:

• < 18 years old
• Pregnant
• Previous allergic reaction to propofol
• Prisoner
• Unable to provide informed consent

From 3 minutes prior to the start of the sedation encounter up until the time the patient regained their baseline mental status up to 24 hours.

adverse respiratory events were defined as the occurrence of one or more clinical features of respiratory depression, including an oxygen saturation <91%, a change in baseline ETCO2 of >10 mm HG, or a loss of ETCO2 waveform, associated with the occurrence of any supportive airway maneuvers, including the use of a bag-valve mask apparatus, airway repositioning, the use of an oral or nasal airway to improve ventilation, or any stimulation to induce respirations.