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The purposes of this study are 1) to determine whether neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is effective in preventing loss of muscle mass and strength and 2) to observe the time variation of MLT and strength from preoperative day to hospital discharge.
In the amendment of June 2011, a twofold study setting was defined in order to recruit patients not only before, but also after cardiothoracic surgery. In sample A, patients were recruited before surgery. In sample B, patients were recruited after surgery. On postoperative day 1, randomization was performed for sample A and B separately. To ensure balance of the NMES and control groups with respect to disease severity, randomization was stratified by the SAPS II score on the first postoperative day. In the intervention group, the anterior muscles of both thighs were electrically stimulated from the first postoperative day until ICU discharge for a maximum of 14 days. In the control group, the electrodes were applied, but no electricity was delivered.The primary outcomes muscle layer thickness (MLT) and muscle strength were assessed from the first postoperative day to ICU discharge and at hospital discharge. All patients in sample A had an additional assessment of MLT and strength before surgery.
All data are analyzed according to the intention-to-treat principle with no imputation for any missing data. Linear mixed models are used to account for the repeated measurements per patient and to determine any fixed effects on MLT and MRC score.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| NMES group | Experimental | Anterior muscles of both thighs were electrically stimulated twice a day (2×30 minutes of NMES with a break of at least 30 minutes between both sessions) 7 days a week during the entire ICU stay but no longer than 14 days, starting on postoperative day 1. Highest tolerable intensity was applied. |
|
| Control group | Sham Comparator | In the control group, the electrodes were applied, connected to the stimulator, but no electricity was delivered. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compex 3 Professional (CefarCompex Medical AB) stimulator | Device | NMES |
| |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle layer thickness (MLT) | Muscle layer thickness of the anterior muscles of the thigh using two-dimensional B-mode ultrasound | on preoperative day, from postoperative day 1 onwards every other ICU day for the duration of the ICU stay (expected average of ICU stay: 7 days) and at day of hospital discharge (expected average of hospital stay: 20 days) |
| Muscle strength | Muscle strength using Medical Research Council (MRC) score and hand dynamometry | on preoperative day, from postoperative day 1 onwards every day for the duration of the ICU stay (expected average of ICU stay: 7 days), at day of hospital discharge (expected average of hospital stay: 20 days) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| JAGS score | JAGS score | on preoperative day, on day of ICU discharge (expected average of ICU stay: 7 days), on day of hospital discharge (expected average of hospital stay: 20 days) |
| Timed Up and Go test |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Michael Hiesmayr, MD, Prof. | Medical University of Vienna | Study Director |
| Arabella Fischer, MD | Medical University of Vienna | Principal Investigator |
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| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 19814793 | Background | Gerovasili V, Stefanidis K, Vitzilaios K, Karatzanos E, Politis P, Koroneos A, Chatzimichail A, Routsi C, Roussos C, Nanas S. Electrical muscle stimulation preserves the muscle mass of critically ill patients: a randomized study. Crit Care. 2009;13(5):R161. doi: 10.1186/cc8123. Epub 2009 Oct 8. | |
| 23561945 | Background |
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| sham-stimulation |
| Device |
no electricity applied |
|
Timed Get Up and Go test
| on preoperative day, on day of hospital discharge (expected average of hospital stay: 20 days) |
| FIM score | Functional Independance Measure (FIM) score | on preoperative day, on day of hospital discharge (expected average of hospital stay: 20 days) |
| SF-12 score | 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) | on preoperative day, on day of hospital discharge (expected average of hospital stay: 20 days) |
| Hirose T, Shiozaki T, Shimizu K, Mouri T, Noguchi K, Ohnishi M, Shimazu T. The effect of electrical muscle stimulation on the prevention of disuse muscle atrophy in patients with consciousness disturbance in the intensive care unit. J Crit Care. 2013 Aug;28(4):536.e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.02.010. Epub 2013 Apr 3. |
| 21715139 | Background | Rodriguez PO, Setten M, Maskin LP, Bonelli I, Vidomlansky SR, Attie S, Frosiani SL, Kozima S, Valentini R. Muscle weakness in septic patients requiring mechanical ventilation: protective effect of transcutaneous neuromuscular electrical stimulation. J Crit Care. 2012 Jun;27(3):319.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2011.04.010. Epub 2011 Jun 28. |
| 25307979 | Background | Kho ME, Truong AD, Zanni JM, Ciesla ND, Brower RG, Palmer JB, Needham DM. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomized, sham-controlled pilot trial with blinded outcome assessment. J Crit Care. 2015 Feb;30(1):32-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2014.09.014. Epub 2014 Sep 22. |
| 21349913 | Background | Abdellaoui A, Prefaut C, Gouzi F, Couillard A, Coisy-Quivy M, Hugon G, Molinari N, Lafontaine T, Jonquet O, Laoudj-Chenivesse D, Hayot M. Skeletal muscle effects of electrostimulation after COPD exacerbation: a pilot study. Eur Respir J. 2011 Oct;38(4):781-8. doi: 10.1183/09031936.00167110. Epub 2011 Feb 24. |
| 20426834 | Background | Routsi C, Gerovasili V, Vasileiadis I, Karatzanos E, Pitsolis T, Tripodaki E, Markaki V, Zervakis D, Nanas S. Electrical muscle stimulation prevents critical illness polyneuromyopathy: a randomized parallel intervention trial. Crit Care. 2010;14(2):R74. doi: 10.1186/cc8987. Epub 2010 Apr 28. |
| 12853536 | Background | Zanotti E, Felicetti G, Maini M, Fracchia C. Peripheral muscle strength training in bed-bound patients with COPD receiving mechanical ventilation: effect of electrical stimulation. Chest. 2003 Jul;124(1):292-6. doi: 10.1378/chest.124.1.292. |
| 25882765 | Background | Puthucheary ZA, Phadke R, Rawal J, McPhail MJ, Sidhu PS, Rowlerson A, Moxham J, Harridge S, Hart N, Montgomery HE. Qualitative Ultrasound in Acute Critical Illness Muscle Wasting. Crit Care Med. 2015 Aug;43(8):1603-11. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001016. |
| 24108501 | Background | Puthucheary ZA, Rawal J, McPhail M, Connolly B, Ratnayake G, Chan P, Hopkinson NS, Phadke R, Dew T, Sidhu PS, Velloso C, Seymour J, Agley CC, Selby A, Limb M, Edwards LM, Smith K, Rowlerson A, Rennie MJ, Moxham J, Harridge SD, Hart N, Montgomery HE. Acute skeletal muscle wasting in critical illness. JAMA. 2013 Oct 16;310(15):1591-600. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.278481. |
| 26825278 | Derived | Fischer A, Spiegl M, Altmann K, Winkler A, Salamon A, Themessl-Huber M, Mouhieddine M, Strasser EM, Schiferer A, Paternostro-Sluga T, Hiesmayr M. Muscle mass, strength and functional outcomes in critically ill patients after cardiothoracic surgery: does neuromuscular electrical stimulation help? The Catastim 2 randomized controlled trial. Crit Care. 2016 Jan 29;20:30. doi: 10.1186/s13054-016-1199-3. |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009133 | Muscular Atrophy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D020879 | Neuromuscular Manifestations |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D001284 | Atrophy |
| D020763 | Pathological Conditions, Anatomical |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
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