I retired my post before enrollment

• It has been shown that patients who undergo liver resection surgery are at high risk for postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI).
• Sevoflurane may increase the risk for postoperative AKI because of production of compound-A.
• Therefore, we have planned to investigate the effects of different anesthetic agents on postoperative renal function.
• Patients undergoing liver resection surgery are randomized into 2 groups.
• One of the groups receives sevoflurane and the other group receives desflurane.
• Blood and urine specimen are sampled both pre- and postoperatively, and several biomarkers are compared between the groups.

1. Design

   - This is a randomized, observer-blinded, controlled trial.

2. Study objectives and hypothesis

   - The aim of this study is to prove the hypothesis that desflurane is safer than sevoflurane in terms of the association with postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) after liver resection surgery.

3. Inclusion and exclusion criteria

   • Inclusion criteria: Forty adult patients (20 patients in each group) who are planned to undergo liver resection surgery are included.
   • Exclusion criteria: Patients who undergo less invasive liver resection surgery under thoracoscopy or laparoscopy are excluded. Patients with chronic kidney disease, or allergic to any anesthetic agents used in the study (e.g., desflurane, sevoflurane, propofol, remifentanil, rocuronium) are also excluded.

4. Outcome definition

   - AKI is diagnosed based on RIFLE creatinine criteria within 72 hours postoperatively. Serum creatinine is measured preoperatively, on the day of the surgery, and 1st, 2nd, and 3rd postoperative days.

5. Methods

   • Patients are randomized into 2 groups (Desflurane group and Sevoflurane group) depending on the agent administered during anesthesia
   • For the quantitative analysis for subclinical AKI, urine interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasma and urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), serum cystatin C, urine liver-type fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP), urine N-acetyl-β-D-Glucosaminidase (NAG), and urine albumin concentration are measured preoperatively, on the day of the surgery, and 1st postoperative day.
   • Demographic data, preoperative medication, past medical history, perioperative data related to anesthesia and surgery, and data related to outcome are also sampled.
   • Postoperative clinical course is followed until the patients are discharged.
   • Incidence rate of postoperative AKI and biomarkers are compared between the groups.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Forty adult patients (20 patients in each group) who are planned to undergo liver resection surgery are included.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients who undergo less invasive resection surgery under thoracoscopy or laparoscopy are excluded. Patients with chronic kidney disease, or allergic to any anesthetic agents used in the study are also excluded.