A study to assess cell therapy as a treatment to prevent kidney transplant rejection. The trial will involve purification of naturally occurring regulatory T cells (nTregs) from living-donor renal transplant recipients. The cells will then be grown in the laboratory and re-infused into the patient five days after the kidney transplant. This trial is part of an international European Union funded consortium aimed at evaluating cellular immunotherapy in solid organ transplantation (The ONE Study). It is anticipated that immune regulation induced by nTreg therapy can eventually be used to recude the need for conventional immunosuppression in transplant recipients.

Decades of immunosuppressive drug development has produced an array of powerful pharmacological agents, but the various drawbacks with these treatments leaves considerable room for improvement. By harnessing the power of suppressive mechanisms in the human immune system, regulatory cell therapy may be able to support peripheral tolerance and induce a level of donor-specific unresponsiveness that allows for a reduction in the use of conventional immunosuppression in organ transplant recipients. Several alternative regulatory cell types have been identified as potential adjunct immunotherapies for solid organ transplantation and are now approaching a stage of development that would allow clinical testing in an early-stage trial. The EU-funded international ONE study consortium aims to answer the question as to whether Treg treatment, or other immunoregulatory cell-based therapies, can be advanced in the clinical management of solid organ transplant recipients. This particular Treg trial aims to explored the potential of Treg therapy as an adjunct immunosuppressive treatment in living-donor renal transplant recipients through a clinical protocol design shared by other investigators in the ONE study group testing additional regulatory cell therapies in seperate trials.

Recipient Inclusion Criteria

1. Chronic renal insufficiency necessitating kidney transplantation and approved to receive a primary kidney allograft from a living donor
2. Aged at least 18 years
3. Able to commence the immunosuppressive regimen at the protocol-specified time point
4. Willing and able to participate in The ONE Study IM and HEC subprojects
5. Signed and dated written informed consent

Exclusion Criteria

1. Patient has previously received any tissue or organ transplant

2. Known contraindication to the protocol-specified treatments / medications

3. Genetically identical to the prospective organ donor at the HLA loci (0-0-0 mismatch)

4. PRA grade > 40% within 6 months prior to enrolment

5. Previous treatment with any desensitisation procedure (with or without IVIg)

6. Concomitant malignancy or history of malignancy within 5 years prior to planned study entry (excluding successfully-treated non-metastatic basal/squamous cell carcinoma of the skin)

7. Evidence of significant local or systemic infection

8. EBV-negative; serologically positive for anti-HIV-1,2; HBsAg; Anti-HBc; Anti-HCV-ab; Anti-HTLV-1,2 or syphilis (Treponema palladium)

9. Significant liver disease, defined as persistently elevated AST and/or ALT levels > 2 x ULN (Upper Limit of Normal range)

10. Malignant or pre-malignant haematological conditions

11. Any uncontrolled medical condition or concurrent disease that could interfere with the study objectives

12. Any condition which, in the judgement of the Investigator, would place the subject at undue risk

13. Ongoing treatment with systemic immunosuppressive drugs at study entry

14. Participation in another clinical trial during the study or within 28 days prior to planned study entry

15. Female patients of child-bearing potential with a positive pregnancy test at enrolment

16. Female patients who are breast-feeding

17. All female patients of child-bearing potential UNLESS:

    1. The patient is willing to maintain a highly effective method of birth control for the duration of the study
    2. The career, lifestyle, or sexual orientation of the patient ensures that there is no risk of pregnancy for the duration of the study (at the discretion of the Investigator)

18. Psychological, familial, sociological or geographical factors potentially hampering compliance with the study protocol and follow-up visit schedule

19. Any form of substance abuse, psychiatric disorder, or other condition that, in the opinion of the Investigator, may invalidate communication with the Investigator and/or designated study personnel

20. Patients unable to freely give their informed consent (e.g. individuals under legal guardianship).

Donor Inclusion Criteria

1. Eligible for live kidney donation
2. Aged at least 18 years
3. An ABO blood type compatible with the organ recipient
4. Willing and able to provide a blood sample for The ONE Study IM Subproject
5. Willing to provide personal and medical/biological data for the trial analysis
6. Signed and dated written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria

1. Genetically identical to the prospective organ recipient at the HLA loci (0-0-0 mismatch) 2. Exposure to any investigational agents at the time of kidney donation, or within 28 days prior to kidney donation 3. Any form of substance abuse, psychiatric disorder, or other condition that, in the opinion of the Investigator, may invalidate communication with the Investigator designated study personnel 4. Subjects unable to freely give their informed consent (e.g. individuals under legal guardianship)