The only curative treatment for end-stage renal disease is through kidney transplantation. Solid organ transplants success had been made possible by the development of Immunosuppressive (IS) drugs. However, the long-term survival of transplants is still shortened by the chronic dysfunction of the graft which is not prevented by current IS regimens. Moreover, these IS drugs increase the risk of opportunistic infections and malignancies, and have many non-immune side-effects that hamper their tolerability.

New research strategies are, therefore, developed with the aim of reducing the dependence on conventional pharmacological IS drugs. Regulatory cell therapy is one of these strategies. It consists of expanding specific populations of immune regulatory cells ex vivo into cell-based drugs that can then be infused into transplant recipients, with the goal of inducing graft tolerance.

This is the framework of this clinical trial. The experimental drug "Eight Treg" being evaluated in this study is an autologous cell therapy product containing CD8+ regulatory T lymphocytes (Tregs) expanded ex vivo during 21 days of cell culture. Team 2 of the Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology (CR2TI), Nantes University, INSERM, Mixed Research Unit (UMR) 1064, responsible for developing the manufacturing process of the experimental drug "Eight Treg", has demonstrated the feasibility of the expansion of CD8+ Tregs ex vivo and their ability to prevent skin graft rejection and inhibit Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) in NOD-Scid-IL-2γ-/- mouse models (NSG)14.

Based on the preclinical experience of CR2TI team 2, which has been working on basic and translational aspects of CD8+ Tregs for 15 years, the present phase I clinical trial aims to assess the safety of increasing doses of the experimental drug "Eight Treg" in 9 recipients of renal transplantation from a living donor. The possibility of manufacturing the experimental drug "Eight Treg" at the required doses, in accordance with the Good Manufacturing Process (GMP), has been assessed in validation runs as specified at the end of the "justification of the study" part of this protocol. This clinical trial will be the first administration of expanded CD8+ Tregs into humans, and it follows previous studies which evaluated the safety of other regulatory cell therapy products, containing expanded CD4+ Tregs and other regulatory cells (autologous tolerogenic dendritic cells performed by Nantes CHU laboratory and clinical services, for example), injected into patients in different contexts (renal transplantation, liver transplantation, GVHD, type 1 diabetes, etc) without causing any significant adverse effect. This study will pave the way for future, broader research on the use of CD8+ Tregs as a possible anti-rejection and tolerance inducer "drug" in transplantation.

for kidney transplant recipient: pre-Inclusion Criteria:

1. Man or woman with chronic renal failure requiring kidney transplantation and approved to receive a primary kidney allograft from a living donor.
2. Weight between 50 and 100 kg.
3. Up-to-date vaccination against SARS Cov2 depending on the health situation and the rules in force with last recall done at least 6 to 1 month prior to visit 1.
4. Negative microlymphocytotoxicity (LCT) and flow cytometry crossmatches regardless of HLA compatibility
5. Signed and dated written informed consent *.
6. Aged at least of 18 years the day the consent is signed.
7. Able to commence the IS regimen at the protocol-specified time point.
8. As a precautionary measure, women of childbearing age should use an effective method of birth control, and male participants should use contraception to avoid partner pregnancy for the duration of the trial.
9. Affiliated or beneficiary of a social security scheme.
10. Speaking and understanding French.

Inclusion Criteria:

1. WOCBP must have a negative serum pregnancy test.

2. Respects the following conditions:

   • Condition 1: number of CD8+ Tregs / ml of blood > 2.096x106 CD8+ Tregs / weight

   • Condition 2 (depending on the dose level considered):

     • Dose 1: number of CD8+ Tregs / ml of blood > 1.15x104 CD8+ Tregs + 3.18x103 CD8+ Tregs / weight
     • Dose 2: number of CD8+ Tregs / ml of blood > 4.6x104 CD8+ Tregs + 3.18x103 CD8+ Tregs / weight
     • Dose 3: number of CD8+ Tregs / ml of blood > 9.22x104 CD8+ Tregs + 3.18x103 CD8+ Tregs / weight

Pre-Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patient has previously received any tissue or organ transplant other than the planned kidney graft.
2. Genetically identical to the prospective organ donor at the HLA loci.
3. Known contraindication to the protocol-specified treatments / medications or components used in the manufacture of the experimental drug.
4. Presence of donor-specific antibodies (DSA) detected prior transplantation determined by Luminex within 3 months or presence of cytotoxic DSA determined by cell-based CDC assay.
5. Previous treatment with any desensitisation procedure (with or without IVIg).
6. Concomitant malignancy or history of malignancy within 5 years prior to planned study entry (excluding successfully-treated non-metastatic basal / squamous cell carcinoma of the skin).
7. ABO incompatibility
8. Evidence of significant local or systemic infection on visit 1.
9. Malignant or pre-malignant haematological conditions.
10. Ongoing treatment with systemic IS drugs at visit 1 (except corticoids < 10 mg).
11. Any vaccine (or vaccine recall) dated within 3 months on visit 1 except the SARS Cov2*.
12. Participation in another clinical trial during the study or within 28 days prior to the planned study entry and / or exposure to an investigational product during the study or within 28 days prior to the planned study entry (date of signature of the consent collection form).
13. Women who are pregnant (or planning to be during the course of the study) or breastfeeding or women with a positive pregnancy test on enrolment (visit 1, screening failure).
14. Psychological, familial, sociological or geographical factors that potentially hampering compliance with the study protocol and follow-up visit schedule.
15. Any form of drug abuse, psychiatric disorder, or other condition that, in the opinion of the investigator, may invalidate communication with the investigator and/or designated study personnel.
16. Any pro-coagulant disposition, as evidences by a past history of thromboembolic disease or abnormal laboratory coagulation parameters which, in the judgement of the investigator, would place the subject at undue risk.
17. Any condition resulting in a substantial reduction in the volume of the pulmonary vasculature or an increase in the pulmonary vascular resistance. Any disease or disease process leading to substantially elevated pulmonary arterial pressure (as evidences by electrocardiography, echocardiography, radiology or cardiac catheterization) or right heart hypertrophy or dysfunction.
18. Known atrial or ventricular septal defects posing a risk of paradoxical embolism of infused cells or cell aggregates.
19. Patients unable to freely give their informed consent (e.g. patients under guardianship, curatorship, protection of justice).
20. Patients deprived of their liberty.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-positive, Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-negative (if donor is EBV positive), HTLV positive, syphilis-positive serology or suffer from chronic viral hepatitis.
2. Significant liver disease, defined as persistently elevated Aspartate Transaminase (AST) and / or Alanine Transaminase (ALT) levels > 2 x upper limit of normal range.

Donor:

Pre-Inclusion Criteria:

1. Willing and able to provide a blood and an urine sample for the immune monitoring.
2. Willing to provide personal and medical/biological data for the trial analysis.
3. Signed and dated written informed consent *.
4. Aged at least of 18 years the day the consent is signed.
5. Affiliated or beneficiary of a social security scheme.
6. Speaking and understanding French.