Low-dose Spinal Morphine for Post-Thoracotomy Pain After Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery

Low-dose Spinal Morphine for Post-Thoracotomy Pain After Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial

One-thirds of patients underwent video-assisted thorascopic surgery still have severe pain. Therefore we want to demonstrate weather 0.15 mg spinal morphine would reduce 24 hour postoperative requirement comparing to control group.

Inclusion Criteria:

• ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologist) physical status I to III,
• Undergoing elective video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery at Siriraj and Thammasart Hospitals
• capable of using a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) machine
• understanding the numeric rating scale (NRS) score for pain assessment.

Exclusion Criteria:

• history of allergy to the study drugs
• bleeding disorder
• infection of the back
• refusing spinal anesthesia
• history of cerebrovascular disease
• using postoperative ventilator support were excluded