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Study Objectives
Subjects
Subjects (men and women, 18 - 35 y) with at least one year of resistance training experience will be recruited. Subjects will be randomly divided into one of four groups: a cold water immersion group (CW), HMB-FA, CW+HMB-FA and a control group (CT).
Study Protocol
Subjects will report to the Human Performance Laboratory (HPL) on four separate occasions. On the first visit (T1) subjects will be tested for maximal strength [one repetition-maximum (1-RM)] on the squat, dead lift and barbell lunge exercises.] On their second visit (T2) subjects will perform a lower body resistance exercise session consisting of four sets of the squat, dead lift and barbell lunge exercises. All subjects will then report back to the HPL at 24- (T3) and 48-hours (T4) post-exercise. During T3 and T4, subjects will perform four sets of the squat exercise only using the same loading pattern and rest interval length as T2. Following the T2 and T3 workouts subjects in CT will undergo no treatment; subjects in CW will be required to sit in a whirlpool tub for 10-min up to their umbilicus in water at 50° F - 54° F (10° C - 12° C); subjects in HMB-FA will be provided the supplement 30 min prior each workout and CW+HMB-FA will be administered together at time points describe above.
Statistical Analysis
Statistical evaluation of performance and biochemical changes will be accomplished using a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Control | Placebo Comparator | Placebo supplement given prior to exercise and two times per day following exercise |
|
| cold water immersion | Experimental | Placebo supplement to be give prior to exercise and two times per day following exercise in combination with cold water immersion therapy following exercise |
|
| HMB-FA | Experimental | beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid supplement to be give prior to exercise and two times per day following exercise |
|
| cold water immersion group + HMB-FA | Experimental | beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid supplement give prior to exercise and two times per day following exercise in combination with cold water immersion therapy following exercise |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| cold water immersion | Procedure |
| ||
| beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Maximal muscle strength | The 1-RM tests will be performed to assess maximal muscle strength. | Change from baseline over 48 hours post-exercise. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle damage | Serum creatine kinase and myoglobin concentrations will be analyzed as markers of muscle damage. | Change from baseline over 48 hours post-exercise. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle soreness | Subjects will be asked to rate their degree of lower body muscle soreness using a 15-cm visual analog scale (VAS). | Change from baseline over 48-hours post-exercise. |
| Lower body power |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Central Florida, Sport and Exercise Science | Orlando | Florida | 32816 | United States |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 21170794 | Background | Ascensao A, Leite M, Rebelo AN, Magalhaes S, Magalhaes J. Effects of cold water immersion on the recovery of physical performance and muscle damage following a one-off soccer match. J Sports Sci. 2011 Feb;29(3):217-25. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2010.526132. | |
| 21134325 | Background | Fuller JC Jr, Sharp RL, Angus HF, Baier SM, Rathmacher JA. Free acid gel form of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB) improves HMB clearance from plasma in human subjects compared with the calcium HMB salt. Br J Nutr. 2011 Feb;105(3):367-72. doi: 10.1017/S0007114510003582. Epub 2010 Dec 7. |
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| Dietary Supplement |
|
| Placebo | Dietary Supplement |
|
Lower body power during the squat exercise protocol will be measured each repetition with a Tendo™ Power Output Unit.
| Change from baseline over 48 hours post-exercise. |
| Immune Markers | Immune (IL-6, IL-10, Macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α) markers will be analyzed. | Change from baseline over 48 hours post-exercise. |
| C-reactive protein | The Inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein, will be analyzed. | Change from baseline over 48 hours post-exercise. |