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The overall aim of this study is, to evaluate the effectiveness of repeated cold- and warm water immersion on performance recovery after muscle damage.
Participants perform a muscle-damage protocol, which comprises 5x20 drop jumps. After the exercise protocol is finished, the participants will undergo one of three recovery interventions. Cold-water immersion, Warm-water immersion or the control-intervention. During the exercise protocol and the recovery intervention following parameters will be assessed: Blood oxygenation, Muscle oxygenation, heart-rate, skin temperature and core temperature.
Then, performance recovery will be assessed during the following 72 hrs (in a 24 hrs interval).
At each time-point, following measurements will be conducted: vertical-jump performance, maximum voluntary isometric contraction of the m.quadriceps femoris muscle, muscle swelling and delayed-onset of muscle soreness.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Repeated cold-water immersion | Experimental | In this arm, the participants undergo repeated cold water immersion at 10°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crest |
|
| Repeated warm-water immersion | Active Comparator | In this arm, the participants undergo repeated warm water immersion at 40°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crestParticipants will be immersed up to the iliac crest. |
|
| Control | Other | In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| repeated cold water therapy | Behavioral | This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | maximun voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscle will be assessed. | baseline to 72 hours |
| Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | delayed onset of muscle soreness will be measured using a 0-10 scale, where 0 indicated no soreness and 10 indicates maximum soreness of the knee extensor muscles | baseline to 72 hours |
| Muscle Swelling | swelling of the knee extensor muscle will be performed using a ultrasound device. | baseline to 72 hours |
| Creatine-kinase (U/l) | using a blood sample (6 ml), creatine-kinase will be assessed | baseline to 72 hours |
| Muscle Blood Oxygenation | Muscle oxygenation saturation (SmO2) of the knee extensor muscle will be measured using near-infrared spectroscopy device. Oxygenated haemoglobin (oxyHb), deoxygenated haemoglobin (deoxyHb) and total haemoglobin (TotHb) were assessed in arbitrary units and SmO2 was calculated as oxyHb/TotHb x 100 value (%) | through recovery intervention up to 30 minutes |
| Skin Temperature (°C) | Skin temperature will be measured using a near infrared thermography camera | through recovery intervention up to 30 minutes |
| Core Temperature (°C) | core temperature will be measured using temperature pill that will provide real time values from the gastrointestinal region |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Ron Clijsen, PhD | University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland | Landquart | Kanton Graubünden | 7302 | Switzerland |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 40333546 | Result | Wellauer V, Clijsen R, Bianchi G, Riggi E, Hohenauer E. No acceleration of recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage after cold or hot water immersion in women: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. 2025 May 7;20(5):e0322416. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0322416. eCollection 2025. | |
| 38520001 | Derived | Hohenauer E, Bianchi G, Wellauer V, Taube W, Clijsen R. Acute physiological responses and muscle recovery in females: a randomised controlled trial of muscle damaging exercise in hypoxia. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2024 Mar 22;16(1):70. doi: 10.1186/s13102-024-00861-1. |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Full-text of the publication | View source |
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| FG000 | Repeated Cold-water Immersion | In this arm, the participants undergo repeated cold water immersion at 10°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crest repeated cold water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. |
| FG001 | Repeated Warm-water Immersion | In this arm, the participants undergo repeated warm water immersion at 40°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crestParticipants will be immersed up to the iliac crest. repeated warm water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. |
| FG002 | Control | In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition. control: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. |
| Title | Milestones | Reasons Not Completed | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Study |
|
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| ID | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|
| BG000 | Repeated Cold-water Immersion | In this arm, the participants undergo repeated cold water immersion at 10°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crest repeated cold water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. |
| BG001 |
| Units | Counts |
|---|---|
| Participants |
|
| Title | Description | Population Description | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Denominator Units Selected | Denominators | Classes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, Categorical | Count of Participants |
| Type | Title | Description | Population Description | Reporting Status | Anticipated Posting Date | Parameter Type | Dispersion Type | Unit of Measure | Calculate Percentage | Time Frame | Units Analyzed | Denominator Units Selected | Arm/Group Information | Denominators | Classes | Analyses | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary | Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction (N) | maximun voluntary isometric contraction of the knee extensor muscle will be assessed. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | Newton | baseline to 72 hours |
|
Adverse events were collected from the start of the experiment (baseline) up to 72 hours.
There was never a risk for a serious adverse event or all-cause mortality in the setup of this risk group A study.
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| ID | Title | Description | Deaths (Affected) | Deaths (At Risk) | Serious Events (Affected) | Serious Events (At Risk) | Other Events (Affected) | Other Events (At Risk) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EG000 | Repeated Cold-water Immersion | In this arm, the participants undergo repeated cold water immersion at 10°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crest repeated cold water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. |
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| Title | Organization | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vanessa Wellauer | Rehabilitation and Exercise Science Laboratory (RESlab), University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI) | 0041 81 300 01 78 | vanessa.wellauer@supsi.ch |
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot_SAP | Yes | Yes | No | Study Protocol and Statistical Analysis Plan | Sep 28, 2021 | Sep 22, 2025 | Prot_SAP_000.pdf |
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This study is a randomized controlled trial
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| repeated warm water therapy | Behavioral | This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. |
|
| control | Other | This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. |
|
| through recovery intervention up to 30 minutes |
| Repeated Warm-water Immersion |
In this arm, the participants undergo repeated warm water immersion at 40°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crestParticipants will be immersed up to the iliac crest. repeated warm water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. |
| BG002 | Control | In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition. control: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. |
| BG003 | Total | Total of all reporting groups |
| Participants |
|
| Age, Continuous | Mean | Standard Deviation | years |
|
| Sex: Female, Male | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Race and Ethnicity Not Collected | Race and Ethnicity were not collected from any participant. | Count of Participants | Participants |
|
| Region of Enrollment | Number | participants |
|
| OG002 | Control | In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition. control: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. |
|
|
| Primary | Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness (DOMS) | delayed onset of muscle soreness will be measured using a 0-10 scale, where 0 indicated no soreness and 10 indicates maximum soreness of the knee extensor muscles | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | units on a scale | baseline to 72 hours |
|
|
|
| Primary | Muscle Swelling | swelling of the knee extensor muscle will be performed using a ultrasound device. | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | cm | baseline to 72 hours |
|
|
|
| Primary | Creatine-kinase (U/l) | using a blood sample (6 ml), creatine-kinase will be assessed | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | U/l | baseline to 72 hours |
|
|
|
| Primary | Muscle Blood Oxygenation | Muscle oxygenation saturation (SmO2) of the knee extensor muscle will be measured using near-infrared spectroscopy device. Oxygenated haemoglobin (oxyHb), deoxygenated haemoglobin (deoxyHb) and total haemoglobin (TotHb) were assessed in arbitrary units and SmO2 was calculated as oxyHb/TotHb x 100 value (%) | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | percentage of muscle oxygen saturation | through recovery intervention up to 30 minutes |
|
|
|
| Primary | Skin Temperature (°C) | Skin temperature will be measured using a near infrared thermography camera | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | degree Celsius | through recovery intervention up to 30 minutes |
|
|
|
| Primary | Core Temperature (°C) | core temperature will be measured using temperature pill that will provide real time values from the gastrointestinal region | Posted | Mean | Standard Deviation | degree Celsius | through recovery intervention up to 30 minutes |
|
|
|
| 0 |
| 10 |
| 0 |
| 10 |
| 0 |
| 10 |
| EG001 | Repeated Warm-water Immersion | In this arm, the participants undergo repeated warm water immersion at 40°C for 2 x 5 min. Between the immersion, a break will be conducted 2.5 min. Participants will be immersed up to the iliac crestParticipants will be immersed up to the iliac crest. repeated warm water therapy: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 |
| EG002 | Control | In this arm, the participants undergo the control intervention which comprises to remain seated for 12.5 min. The participants, that will perform the muscle damaging protocol under hypoxia will also be treated with the control condition. control: This information can be found the description of the experimental arm. | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 |
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| Between 18 and 65 years |
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| >=65 years |
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| Male |
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| 48h |
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| 72h |
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| 48h |
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| 72h |
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| 48h |
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| 72h |
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| post Intervention |
|
| 10min |
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| 20min |
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| 30min |
|
|
| post Intervention |
|
| 10min |
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| 20min |
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| 30min |
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|
| post Intervention |
|
| 10 min |
|
| 20 min |
|
| 30 min |
|