This study includes 2 phases. During phase 1, pregnant women are followed over the course of pregnancy. The phase 2 is a follow-up of the mother-child dyad at 3, 5 and 10-12 year after delivery.

The purpose of this phase 1 is to :

• assess the contribution and interactions of adipokines in the development of insulin resistance during pregnancy and gestational diabetes;
• assess levels of maternal adipokines as determinants of development and fetal growth;
• determine the genetic variations that influence levels of adipokines and glucose regulation during pregnancy and in newborns.

The purpose of this phase 2 is to:

• identify DNA methylation variations at birth that are predictive of childhood overweight/obesity.
• identify maternal characteristics associated with DNA methylation variations predictive of childhood overweight/obesity.
• establish whether the loci predictive of childhood overweight/obesity at birth are still differentially methylated at 5 years of age (samples collected at 5 years of age).
• identify DNA methylation variations at birth that are predictive of childhood neurodevelopment problems at 3, 5 and 10 years of age.

Inclusion Criteria:

• age ≥ 18 yrs
• gestational age between 6 and 13 weeks from last menstrual period
• no recognized diabetes or drugs interfering with glucose metabolism
• alcohol < 2 drinks/day
• not involved in regular high intensity physical activity
• otherwise good health status

Exclusion Criteria:

• twin pregnancy

Phase 1: Pregnant women when they come for their first prenatal visit at the Clinique de Prélèvements et de Recherche en Grossesse.

Phase 2: mothers and their child