Failure to recruit participants

The purpose of this study is to determine if the pre-operative levels of sex-hormones can be used to identify the varicocele patients who can expect improvements in their semen parameters following varicocelectomy.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Varicocele (grade 1-3) and surgery planned for this condition
• At least 18 years of age

Exclusion Criteria:

• Fever within 3 months before the first semen sample
• Malformations of the uro-genital tract
• Karyotype other than 46, XY or Y micro deletions
• Endocrine disease
• Chronic disease
• Medications which reduce semen quality
• Epididymitis within 6 months before surgery