This observational, cross-sectional study aims to translate, culturally adapt, and psychometrically validate the Italian version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular Disorders (TSK-TMD-ITA). Patients referred to the TMD outpatient clinic of the Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, San Paolo Hospital (Milan, Italy), will complete the translated questionnaire along with measures of pain, disability, catastrophizing, anxiety/depression, stress, and central sensitization. The study will assess the factor structure, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent/discriminant validity of the TSK-TMD-ITA in the Italian TMD population.
Inclusion Criteria: Age ≥18 years; diagnosis of TMD according to DC/TMD criteria by a gnathologist/maxillofacial surgeon; native Italian speaker or good command of the language; ability to provide written informed consent.
Exclusion Criteria: Severe neurological/psychiatric disorders or cognitive impairment; ongoing dental/therapeutic treatments that rapidly alter clinical status; inability to comprehend items; use of medications that alter neuromuscular function for conditions other than TMD; pregnancy; substance or alcohol abuse; craniocervicofacial neoplasms
Turkish Validity and Reliability of The Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for Temporomandibular Disorders
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