This observational methodological study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the 9-item Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-9) in individuals with chronic spinal pain. Chronic spinal pain is commonly associated with fear of movement, avoidance behavior, pain catastrophizing, and disability. Therefore, a short and practical Turkish measurement tool may be useful for both clinical assessment and research.

Participants with chronic neck or low back pain will complete self-report questionnaires, including the Turkish TSK-9, the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Fear-Avoidance Components Scale, and the Numeric Pain Rating Scale. The Turkish TSK-9 will be administered again 7 days after the first assessment in a subgroup of participants to evaluate test-retest reliability.

No intervention, invasive procedure, clinical test, or laboratory test will be performed. Data will be collected online using Google Forms.

This study is an observational methodological validation study designed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the 9-item Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-9) in individuals with chronic spinal pain.

The original Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia is a widely used measure for evaluating fear of movement and reinjury in people with pain. However, shorter versions of the scale have been proposed in the literature, and the 9-item version includes two domains: activity avoidance and somatic focus. The purpose of this study is to translate, culturally adapt, and evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish TSK-9 in individuals with chronic neck or low back pain.

The study will be conducted online. Participants will be recruited through social media announcements and will complete the study questionnaires using Google Forms. Eligible participants will be adults aged 18 to 50 years who report chronic spinal pain lasting longer than 3 months and a self-reported pain intensity of at least 3 points on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale.

The first assessment will include sociodemographic and clinical questions, the Turkish TSK-9, the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Fear-Avoidance Components Scale, and the Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Pain intensity will be assessed both at rest and during activity. To evaluate test-retest reliability, the Turkish TSK-9 will be administered again 7 days after the first assessment in participants who agree to complete the second evaluation.

The study will include at least 90 participants. This sample size was determined according to the commonly used participant-to-item ratio of 10 participants per item for questionnaire validation studies. Since the TSK-9 includes 9 items, a minimum of 90 participants is planned.

Reliability will be examined using internal consistency and test-retest reliability analyses. Internal consistency will be assessed using Cronbach's alpha. Test-retest reliability will be evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient, 95% confidence interval, standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable change. Construct validity will be examined by analyzing the correlations between the Turkish TSK-9 and measures of fear-avoidance beliefs, pain catastrophizing, fear-avoidance components, and pain intensity.

No treatment, intervention, invasive procedure, clinical test, or laboratory test will be applied in this study. Participation is voluntary, and the study is not expected to involve any physical risk or harm to participants.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Being between 18 and 65 years of age
• Having chronic spinal pain lasting longer than 3 months
• Having neck or low back pain
• Having a self-reported pain intensity score of 3 or higher on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale
• Volunteering to participate in the study
• Being able to read and understand Turkish

Exclusion Criteria:

• History of spinal surgery
• History of vertebral fracture
• Diagnosis of radiculopathy and/or disc herniation with neurological involvement
• Use of analgesic medication within the last 7 days
• History of cancer
• Self-reported serious neurological disease
• Self-reported serious psychiatric disease

The study population will consist of adults aged 18 to 65 years with chronic spinal pain, including chronic neck or low back pain lasting longer than 3 months. Participants will be recruited online through social media announcements and will complete the study questionnaires using Google Forms. Eligible participants will be individuals who report a pain intensity score of 3 or higher on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale and who are able to read and understand Turkish.

Individual participant data will not be shared because the study data will be collected from human participants and may include potentially identifiable demographic and clinical information. Data will be used only by the research team for the purposes of this methodological validation study. Aggregate results will be reported in scientific publications without identifying any participant.