Low back pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders worldwide and is a major cause of pain and disability. Manual therapy techniques such as spinal mobilization and spinal manipulation are frequently used together with conventional physiotherapy; however, their additional benefits remain unclear.
This randomized controlled trial aims to investigate whether adding spinal mobilization and spinal manipulation to conventional physiotherapy improves pain intensity, functional disability, fear-avoidance beliefs, and lumbar range of motion in individuals with non-specific low back pain. Participants will be randomly assigned to receive either conventional physiotherapy alone or conventional physiotherapy combined with spinal mobilization and manipulation. Outcome measures will be assessed before and after the six-week intervention. The findings of this study may provide evidence regarding the effectiveness of combining manual therapy with conventional physiotherapy for the management of non-specific low back pain.
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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Outcome assessments were performed by an independent assessor who was blinded to group allocation. Due to the nature of the interventions, participants, care providers, and investigators were not blinded.
Participants received conventional physiotherapy consisting of superficial heat application using a hot pack (20 minutes), transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) (20 minutes), therapeutic ultrasound (5 minutes), and supervised therapeutic exercises (20 minutes), administered three times per week for six consecutive weeks.
Participants received the same conventional physiotherapy program as the active comparator group. In addition, spinal mobilization according to the Maitland concept and high-velocity, low-amplitude (HVLA) spinal manipulation were applied by an experienced physiotherapist three times per week for six consecutive weeks.
The Short-term Effects of Instrument-Based Mobilization Compared With Manual Mobilization for Low Back Pain: A Randomized ClinicalTrial
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