The goal of this clinical trial is to learn if adding high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) to a physiotherapy programme helps bone health in women after menopause who have low bone density (osteopenia or osteoporosis). It also looks at safety and quality of life.
The main questions it aims to answer are:
Does adding high-intensity laser therapy change a blood marker of bone formation called P1NP? Does adding high-intensity laser therapy improve participants' quality of life? Researchers will compare a group that gets physiotherapy plus real laser therapy with a group that gets physiotherapy plus a sham laser (a look-alike treatment that gives no real laser energy). This shows if the laser itself makes a difference.
Participants will:
Do the same physiotherapy programme, 3 times a week for 4 weeks Get either real or sham laser therapy at each session Give blood samples before and after treatment to measure the bone marker Fill in two quality-of-life questionnaires before and after treatment Have one bone density scan (DXA) at the start to check they can take part
Inclusion Criteria:
Postmenopausal women Osteopenia or osteoporosis diagnosed by DXA (T-score below -1.0) Age 50 to 70 years Body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 30 Provides written informed consent
Exclusion Criteria:
History of fractures Use of agents that may interfere with bone metabolism (e.g., bisphosphonates, glucocorticoids, hormone therapy) Severe comorbidities or decompensation of pre-existing conditions Recent physiotherapy (within the past 3 months) Rheumatologic diseases (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus) High-dose calcium or vitamin D supplementation Contraindications to laser therapy (cancer, active bleeding or bleeding disorders, acute infections, photosensitivity, pregnancy, implanted electronic devices, or other conditions that could interfere with laser treatment)
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The statistician is also blinded to allocation until the analysis is complete. The sham device is identical in appearance and operation to the active laser.
Participants receive a standardised physiotherapy programme plus active high-intensity laser therapy (HILT). HILT is pulsed near-infrared laser, 7 W, 5 J/cm², applied over the lumbar spine (L1-L5) with a scanning handpiece for about 150 seconds per session, three sessions per week for four weeks (12 sessions total).
Participants receive the same standardised physiotherapy programme plus a sham laser. The sham device looks and operates identically to the active laser but delivers no therapeutic energy. It follows the same schedule: about 150 seconds per session over the lumbar spine (L1-L5), three sessions per week for four weeks (12 sessions total).
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