Eligibility Criteria for Novice Physicians： Inclusion Criteria

• Aged 18 years or older.
• Otorhinolaryngology residents or standardized residency training physicians.
• No prior independent experience in electronic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy.
• Holding both a physician qualification certificate and a physician practice certificate registered at the study institution.
• Willing to participate in the study and provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria
• Previous participation in other endoscopy training studies.
• Inability to complete the required continuous training period

Eligibility Criteria for Patient Participants： Inclusion Criteria

• Aged 18 years or older.
• Male or female.
• Clinical need for electronic nasopharyngolaryngoscopy.
• Able and willing to provide written informed consent. Exclusion Criteria
• Pregnancy.
• History of allergy to topical anesthetics such as tetracaine or lidocaine.
• Language or communication barriers.
• Anatomical abnormalities, such as laryngeal stenosis, or prior nasopharyngeal or laryngeal surgery.
• Inability to tolerate the examination position.
• Any condition judged by the investigator to make the participant unsuitable for the study.