Inclusion Criteria:

• - Participation in the retrospective IOL power formula comparison study at the extremes of axial length (pseudonymized study ID assigned; complete preoperative biometry and archived formula outputs for all eight formula pathways)
• Cataract surgery with a spherical (non-toric) IOL of one of the three reference models (HOYA Vivinex XY1, HOYA Vivinex Impress XY1-EM, or Johnson & Johnson Tecnis 1-Piece DIB00) at the study center between January 2022 and December 2025
• Preoperative axial length below 22.0 mm (short stratum) or above 26.0 mm (long stratum), measured on IOLMaster 700
• Documented implanted IOL model and power available from the operative record
• At least 3 months since cataract surgery at the time of the outcome visit
• Written informed consent for the outcome visit, including linkage of newly acquired postoperative data with the previously collected, pseudonymized preoperative planning data

Exclusion Criteria:

• - Interval ocular surgery on the study eye since the original cataract surgery that may affect refraction or IOL position (e.g., corneal refractive surgery, IOL exchange or repositioning, secondary IOL implantation, or any intraocular surgery). Uncomplicated YAG laser capsulotomy without IOL repositioning is not an exclusion criterion
• Implanted IOL not matching one of the three reference platforms (e.g., toric, multifocal or EDOF IOL, a different monofocal platform, or a sulcus-fixated IOL)
• Toric IOL implantation
• Acute ocular pathology preventing reliable refraction or biometric measurement
• Cognitive or physical limitations precluding standardized subjective manifest refraction
• Documented intraoperative complication with confirmed or suspected IOL malpositioning (e.g., posterior capsule rupture with vitreous loss, zonular dialysis requiring a capsular tension ring, sulcus placement)
• Withdrawal of informed consent

Note: macular pathology is not an exclusion criterion; macular status is documented on OCT and analyzed as a covariate.