The aim of the study is to evaluate the degree of refractive error postoperatively in combined procedures and to calculate a new constant in order to improve current state of the art biometry calculations.

The IOL power calculation in combined phaco-vitrectomy has been performed similar to that in cataract surgery alone. In patients who undergo combined phaco-vitrectomy, deviations in refractive outcomes may be observed because of possible errors in measurement of axial length, changes in the properties of the vitreous cavity after removal of the vitreous, or intraocular tamponade. Most of the previous studies have reported variable degrees of myopic shift after phaco-vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy, epiretinal membrane, and macular hole. Furthermore, use of intraoperative gas may increase further the risk of anterior displacement of the intraocular lens which may induce a higher myopic shift. However, these publications did not provide any quantification of the spherical deviations nor calculate any specific constant in order to improve currents state of art biometry calculations.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Patients who undergo a combined procedure with phacoemulsification and pars plana vitrectomy

Exclusion Criteria:

• Sulcus fixation of the IOL, sulcus suture of the IOL, or intra-scleral IOL fixation because of intraoperative posterior capsule rupture
• corneal disease, such as keratoconus, that interfered with refractive results
• IOL implantation with a toric IOL or multifocal IOL
• History of previous vitrectomy or corneal transplantation
• Other coexisting ocular disease such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy, advanced age-related macular degeneration, uveitis, acute retinal necrosis, Coat's disease, proliferative vitreous retinopathy, or trauma
• Intraocular tamponade using silicon oil

Patients who undergo a combined procedure with phacoemulsification and pars plana vitrectomy