Inclusion Criteria:

• Men and women, aged between 20-70 years
• BMI ³ 25 kg/m2
• Stable body weight (weight gain or loss < 3 kg in the past three months)
• Willingness to give up being a blood donor from 8 weeks before the start of the study, during the study and for 4 weeks after completion of the study
• No difficult venipuncture as evidenced during the screening visit

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diabetic patients (type 1 and type 2)
• Abuse of drugs
• More than 2 units alcoholic consumptions per day for women and 3 for men
• Use of products or dietary supplements known to interfere with the main outcomes 3 months prior to the start of the study as judged by the principal investigators
• Gastrointestinal disease (including IBD and IBS)
• Use of an investigational product within another biomedical intervention trial within the previous 1-month
• Severe medical conditions that might interfere with the study, such as epilepsy, asthma, kidney failure or renal insufficiency, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, autoimmune disease and rheumatoid arthritis
• Active cardiovascular disease like congestive heart failure or cardiovascular event, such as an acute myocardial infarction or cerebrovascular accident
• use of lipid- and glucose lowering medication, corticosteroid use
• Psychiatric diagnoses including clinical depression
• Intolerances or dietary habits that might interfere with the study (i.e. lactose intolerance or veganism)
• pregnancy
• smoking, vaping
• use of antibiotics up to 3 months prior to the study