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Background: In sports requiring intense physical exertion, particularly in endurance-based disciplines such as football, exercise-induced fluid and electrolyte losses can have adverse effects on thermoregulation, cardiovascular stability, and neuromuscular functions. Failure to balance these losses with adequate and timely rehydration increases the risk of performance decrement and injury. Although the literature indicates that intermittent and individualized fluid intake can mitigate these physiological effects, experimental studies conducted under field conditions with professional athletes remain limited. In this context, the purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of intermittent water consumption administered during competition on exercise-induced changes in body weight and basic serum electrolyte levels (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl-) in professional football players.
Methods: Twenty-two male football players participated in the study and were randomly assigned to either the experimental (intermittent water intake, n=11) or control (ad libitum water intake, n=11) group. Both groups played a 90-minute match; body weight and serum electrolyte levels were measured before and after the competition. The experimental group was provided with a total of 10 mL/kg of plain water, administered before the match and at half-time.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intermittent Water Intake Group | Experimental | Participants in this arm received intermittent plain water intake during the football match. The total water volume was calculated according to body weight as 2 × 5 mL/kg and was administered in two equal doses: 15 minutes before the match and immediately after the first half. |
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| Ad Libitum Water Intake Group | No Intervention | Participants in this arm received no specific hydration guidance during the study and followed their natural thirst-driven drinking behavior throughout the football match. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intermittent Plain Water Intake | Dietary Supplement | Participants in the experimental group received plain water according to body weight. The total amount was calculated as 2 × 5 mL/kg and was administered in two equal doses: 15 minutes before the start of the football match and immediately after the first half. Water intake was directly observed and recorded. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Serum Electrolyte Levels | Change in serum sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride levels from before to after the 90-minute football match. Venous blood samples were collected before and immediately after the competition to evaluate exercise-induced changes in serum electrolyte balance. | Before and immediately after the 90-minute football match |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Body Weight | Change in body weight from before to after the 90-minute football match. Body weight was measured before and after the competition to estimate exercise-induced fluid loss. | Before and immediately after the 90-minute football match |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Süleyman Patlar, Prod. Dr. | Selcuk University | Principal Investigator |
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De-identified individual participant data that support the findings of this study will be made available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
Data will be available after publication and will remain available upon reasonable request.
Data will be shared with researchers who provide a methodologically sound proposal and use the data for academic and scientific purposes. Requests should be directed to the corresponding author.
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