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Neurogenic bowel dysfunction is a common complication of spinal cord injury and may cause constipation, difficulty with defecation, prolonged bowel care, incomplete evacuation, fecal incontinence, and reduced quality of life. This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Kinesio Taping added to a routine bowel management program in adults with spinal cord injury and upper motor neuron-type neurogenic bowel dysfunction.
Thirty participants will be randomly assigned to one of two parallel groups. The control group will receive a routine bowel management program, while the intervention group will receive Kinesio Taping in addition to the routine bowel management program. Kinesio Taping will be applied to the lower abdominal and lumbosacral regions three times per week for 4 weeks.
The primary outcome will be defecation frequency recorded using a 7-day bowel diary. Secondary outcomes will include stool consistency, defecation duration, perceived constipation severity, neurogenic bowel dysfunction severity, and health-related quality of life. Assessments will be performed before and after the 4-week intervention.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Routine Bowel Management Program | Active Comparator | Participants in this arm will receive an individualized routine bowel management program based on their clinical condition for 4 weeks. The program may include scheduled bowel care, dietary and fluid recommendations, appropriate positioning, physical activity, abdominal massage, rectal evacuation techniques, suppositories, enemas, and oral or rectal laxatives when clinically indicated. Participants will be instructed not to change their usual dietary habits during the study period. |
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| Kinesio Taping Plus Routine Bowel Management Program | Experimental | Participants in this arm will receive Kinesio Taping in addition to the routine bowel management program for 4 weeks. Kinesio Taping will be applied to the lower abdominal and lumbosacral regions three times per week by the same experienced physician. The tape will remain in place for 2 days and will be removed before the next treatment session. A star-shaped correction technique will be applied to the lumbosacral region with 25%-50% tension, and an I-shaped correction technique will be applied to the lower abdominal region between the right and left anterior superior iliac spines. No tension will be applied to the ends of the tape |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kinesio Taping | Other | Kinesio Taping will be applied to the lower abdominal and lumbosacral regions three times per week for 4 weeks. The tape will remain in place for 2 days and will be removed before the next treatment session. A star-shaped correction technique will be applied to the lumbosacral region with 25%-50% tension. An I-shaped correction technique will be applied to the lower abdominal region between the right and left anterior superior iliac spines. No tension will be applied to the ends of the tape. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Defecation Frequency | Defecation frequency will be recorded using a 7-day bowel diary and expressed as the total number of defecations during a 7-day period. Higher values indicate more frequent bowel movements. | Baseline and at the end of the 4-week intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Bristol Stool Form Scale Score | Stool consistency will be assessed using the 7-point Bristol Stool Form Scale. Type 1 indicates separate hard lumps, while Type 7 indicates entirely liquid stool. Types 3 to 5 generally represent softer or more desirable stool consistency. | Baseline and at the end of the 4-week intervention |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Meltem Gunes Akıncı, MD | Contact | +902582966000 | meltem_aytekin@hotmail.com |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pamukkale University Hospital | Denizli | Denizli | 20160 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 41677377 | Result | Dandinoglu T, Kaya E. Kinesio Taping in spinal cord injury rehabilitation: A scoping review. J Spinal Cord Med. 2026 Feb 12:1-9. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2026.2626116. Online ahead of print. | |
| 38826075 | Result | Karaaslan Y, Karakus A, Koc DO, Bayrakli A, Celenay ST. Effectiveness of Abdominal Massage Versus Kinesio Taping in Women With Chronic Constipation: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2024 Oct 30;30(4):501-511. doi: 10.5056/jnm23131. Epub 2024 Jun 3. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013119 | Spinal Cord Injuries |
| D055496 | Neurogenic Bowel |
| D003248 | Constipation |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D013118 | Spinal Cord Diseases |
| D002493 | Central Nervous System Diseases |
| D009422 | Nervous System Diseases |
| D020196 | Trauma, Nervous System |
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Outcome assessments will be performed by an investigator who is blinded to group allocation. Participants will be instructed not to disclose their treatment allocation to the outcome assessor.
|
| Routine Bowel Management Program | Behavioral | Participants will receive an individualized routine bowel management program based on their clinical condition for 4 weeks. The program may include scheduled bowel care, dietary and fluid recommendations, appropriate positioning, physical activity, abdominal massage, rectal evacuation techniques, suppositories, enemas, and oral or rectal laxatives when clinically indicated. Participants will be instructed not to change their usual dietary habits during the study period. |
|
| Change in Perceived Constipation Severity |
Participants will rate the overall severity of constipation on a 10-cm Visual Analog Scale ranging from 0 to 10. A score of 0 indicates no constipation, while a score of 10 indicates very severe constipation. |
| Baseline and at the end of the 4-week intervention |
| Change in Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction Score | Neurogenic bowel dysfunction severity will be assessed using the 10-item Neurogenic Bowel Dysfunction Score. The total score ranges from 0 to 47, with higher scores indicating more severe neurogenic bowel dysfunction. | Baseline and at the end of the 4-week intervention |
| Change in Short Form-36 Health Survey Scores | Health-related quality of life will be assessed using the 36-item Short Form Health Survey. The instrument includes eight subscales, each scored from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate better perceived health status. | Baseline and at the end of the 4-week intervention |
| Change in Defecation Duration | Defecation duration will be recorded in minutes using a 7-day bowel diary. Participants will record the time required to complete each bowel evacuation. A shorter duration indicates less time spent on bowel care. | Baseline and at the end of the 4-week intervention |
| Change in the Feeling of Complete Evacuation | The feeling of complete bowel evacuation will be recorded in the 7-day bowel diary after each defecation. The outcome will be expressed as the number or proportion of defecations associated with a feeling of complete evacuation during the 7-day assessment period. Higher values indicate more frequent complete evacuation. | Baseline and at the end of the 4-week intervention |
| Change in Straining During Defecation | Straining during defecation will be recorded in the 7-day bowel diary. The outcome will be expressed as the number or proportion of defecations accompanied by straining during the 7-day assessment period. Lower values indicate less frequent straining. | Baseline and at the end of the 4-week intervention |
| Change in Painful Defecation | Painful defecation will be recorded in the 7-day bowel diary. The outcome will be expressed as the number or proportion of defecations associated with pain during the 7-day assessment period. Lower values indicate less frequent painful defecation. | Baseline and at the end of the 4-week intervention |
| 27793072 | Result | Orhan C, Kaya Kara O, Kaya S, Akbayrak T, Kerem Gunel M, Baltaci G. The effects of connective tissue manipulation and Kinesio Taping on chronic constipation in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial. Disabil Rehabil. 2018 Jan;40(1):10-20. doi: 10.1080/09638288.2016.1236412. Epub 2016 Oct 28. |
| D014947 | Wounds and Injuries |
| D003109 | Colonic Diseases, Functional |
| D003108 | Colonic Diseases |
| D007410 | Intestinal Diseases |
| D005767 | Gastrointestinal Diseases |
| D004066 | Digestive System Diseases |
| D012817 | Signs and Symptoms, Digestive |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |