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This cross-sectional comparative study aims to evaluate the effects of sustainable exercise habits on cognitive awareness, body awareness, and sleep quality in university students.
The main hypotheses are:
H0: There is no difference in cognitive awareness, body awareness, and sleep quality between university students with sustainable exercise habits and those with a sedentary lifestyle.
H1: There is a difference in cognitive awareness, body awareness, and sleep quality between university students with sustainable exercise habits and those with a sedentary lifestyle.
Healthy university students aged 18-25 who meet the inclusion criteria will be included in this comparative cross-sectional study to demonstrate the effects of sustainable exercise habits on cognitive awareness, body awareness, and sleep quality.
Participants will be divided into two different groups based on the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) results: the Sustainable Exercise Group and the Sedentary Group. The Sustainable Exercise Group will consist of students who have been performing at least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week regularly for at least the last 6 months. The Sedentary Group will include individuals with a weekly physical activity duration of less than 60 minutes or those without a regular exercise habit for the last 6 months.
No intervention or experimental procedure will be applied to the participants. All assessments will be prepared as online questionnaires and sent to the participants via Google Forms.
Before the evaluation, participants will be informed about the study and their consent will be obtained online. Following this, the participants' sociodemographic characteristics, physical activity routines, and sedentary behaviors will be questioned with a structured evaluation form. The physical activity levels, body awareness, decision-making styles, critical thinking dispositions, and sleep quality of the participants will be evaluated using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form, Body Awareness Questionnaire, Melbourne Decision Making Scale, Marmara Critical Thinking Dispositions Scale, and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, respectively.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sustainable Exercise Group | University students who have been performing at least 150 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity per week regularly for at least the last 6 months. |
| |
| Sedentary Group | University students with a weekly physical activity duration of less than 60 minutes or those without a regular exercise habit for the last 6 months. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survey-based Assessment | Other | No pharmacological or physical intervention is applied. Participants are assigned to groups based on their self-reported physical activity habits. Assessment consists of an online survey battery to evaluate cognitive awareness, body awareness, and sleep quality. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) - Short Form | The IPAQ-Short Form will be used to determine the physical activity levels of the participants. This questionnaire consists of 7 questions and provides information about the duration of vigorous activity, moderate activity, walking, and sitting performed in the last 7 days. The data obtained will be calculated in MET-minutes/week. Based on the results, participants will be classified as physically inactive, having low activity level, or adequate activity level. | 8-week period between April 2026 and May 2026 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Body Awareness Questionnaire | This questionnaire will be used to measure individuals' awareness of their non-pathological bodily processes, such as sensitivity to bodily rhythms, abnormal changes, and variations in body functions. It consists of 18 items. A high total score indicates that the individual has a high level of body awareness. | 8-week period between April 2026 and May 2026 |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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This study will include healthy university students aged 18 to 25 who are currently studying at universities in Turkey. The study population is divided into two main groups based on their physical activity levels: a sustainable exercise group consisting of students who exercise regularly, and a sedentary group consisting of students who do not exercise regularly.
| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aslı Yeral, Asst. Prof. Dr | Contact | 0537 965 8494 | asli.yeral@yeditepe.edu.tr | |
| Deniz ASLAN, MSc | Contact | 0538 339 3074 | deniz.aslan@yeditepe.edu |
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yeditepe University Faculty of Health Sciences | Istanbul | Istanbul | 34755 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
| PubMed Identifier | Type | Citation | Retractions |
|---|---|---|---|
| 36248595 | Background | Passarello N, Varini L, Liparoti M, Troisi Lopez E, Sorrentino P, Alivernini F, Gigliotta O, Lucidi F, Mandolesi L. Boosting effect of regular sport practice in young adults: Preliminary results on cognitive and emotional abilities. Front Psychol. 2022 Sep 28;13:957281. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.957281. eCollection 2022. | |
| 3920711 |
| Label | URL |
|---|---|
| Turkish validity and reliability of the Insomnia Complaints and Sleep Quality Basic Scale | View source |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D057185 | Sedentary Behavior |
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D007319 | Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001519 | Behavior |
| D020919 | Sleep Disorders, Intrinsic |
| D020920 | Dyssomnias |
| D012893 | Sleep Wake Disorders |
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| Melbourne Decision Making Scale | This scale will be used to evaluate participants' decision-making self-esteem and decision-making styles. The scale consists of two parts: the first part measures self-esteem in decision making, and the second part measures decision-making styles including careful, avoidant, procrastinating, and panic decision making. It includes a total of 22 items. | 8-week period between April 2026 and May 2026 |
| Marmara Critical Thinking Dispositions Scale | This scale will be used to determine the critical thinking dispositions of the university students. It is a measurement tool consisting of 28 items that include sub-dimensions such as reasoning, searching, evidence gathering, and open-mindedness. | 8-week period between April 2026 and May 2026 |
| Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) | The PSQI will be used to evaluate the participants' sleep quality and sleep disturbance levels over the past month. The scale consists of 19 self-report questions evaluating 7 components: subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. A total score of 5 or higher is evaluated as poor sleep quality. | 8-week period between April 2026 and May 2026 |
| Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep. 1985 Mar-Apr;100(2):126-31. |
| 29315656 | Background | Peterson NE, Sirard JR, Kulbok PA, DeBoer MD, Erickson JM. Sedentary behavior and physical activity of young adult university students. Res Nurs Health. 2018 Feb;41(1):30-38. doi: 10.1002/nur.21845. Epub 2018 Jan 9. |
| 30821507 | Background | Di Benedetto M, Towt CJ, Jackson ML. A Cluster Analysis of Sleep Quality, Self-Care Behaviors, and Mental Health Risk in Australian University Students. Behav Sleep Med. 2020 May-Jun;18(3):309-320. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2019.1580194. Epub 2019 Mar 1. |
| 39003128 | Background | Tanik F, Ozer Kaya D. Relationships Between Function, Pain Severity and Psychological and Cognitive Levels in People With Chronic Neck Pain: Cross-Sectional Study. Pain Manag Nurs. 2024 Dec;25(6):645-651. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2024.06.008. Epub 2024 Jul 12. |
| 2748771 | Background | Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989 May;28(2):193-213. doi: 10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4. |
| 19440300 | Background | Mehling WE, Gopisetty V, Daubenmier J, Price CJ, Hecht FM, Stewart A. Body awareness: construct and self-report measures. PLoS One. 2009;4(5):e5614. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005614. Epub 2009 May 19. |
| 33864990 | Background | Memon AR, Gupta CC, Crowther ME, Ferguson SA, Tuckwell GA, Vincent GE. Sleep and physical activity in university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2021 Aug;58:101482. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101482. Epub 2021 Mar 20. |
| 40961461 | Background | Osherow EK, Gnall KE, Park CL. Associations between interoceptive awareness and leisure time physical activity intensity, engagement, and duration. Psychol Health. 2025 Sep 17:1-24. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2025.2560363. Online ahead of print. |
| 15209309 | Background | Irwin JD. Prevalence of university students' sufficient physical activity: a systematic review. Percept Mot Skills. 2004 Jun;98(3 Pt 1):927-43. doi: 10.2466/pms.98.3.927-943. |
| 33239350 | Background | Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, Carty C, Chaput JP, Chastin S, Chou R, Dempsey PC, DiPietro L, Ekelund U, Firth J, Friedenreich CM, Garcia L, Gichu M, Jago R, Katzmarzyk PT, Lambert E, Leitzmann M, Milton K, Ortega FB, Ranasinghe C, Stamatakis E, Tiedemann A, Troiano RP, van der Ploeg HP, Wari V, Willumsen JF. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020 Dec;54(24):1451-1462. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955. |
| 31518211 | Background | Moulin MS, Truelove S, Burke SM, Irwin JD. Sedentary time among undergraduate students: A systematic review. J Am Coll Health. 2021 Apr;69(3):237-244. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2019.1661422. Epub 2019 Sep 13. |
| 21164543 | Background | Tremblay MS, Colley RC, Saunders TJ, Healy GN, Owen N. Physiological and health implications of a sedentary lifestyle. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2010 Dec;35(6):725-40. doi: 10.1139/H10-079. |
| 35377905 | Background | Ferreira Silva RM, Mendonca CR, Azevedo VD, Raoof Memon A, Noll PRES, Noll M. Barriers to high school and university students' physical activity: A systematic review. PLoS One. 2022 Apr 4;17(4):e0265913. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265913. eCollection 2022. |
| D009422 |
| Nervous System Diseases |
| D001523 | Mental Disorders |