Participants completed a structured Aquatic Pilates exercise program over 12 weeks, consisting of 24 sessions performed twice weekly, with each session lasting 45 minutes. Exercise intensity was maintained at a light-to-moderate level according to established guidelines (ACSM Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 2018). The program focused on core stabilization, postural alignment, spinal control, and coordinated breathing patterns. Exercises were performed in a water environment, utilizing buoyancy and hydrostatic resistance.

Participants completed a structured Mat Pilates exercise program over 12 weeks, consisting of 24 sessions performed twice weekly, with each session lasting 45 minutes. Exercise intensity was maintained at a light-to-moderate level according to established guidelines (ACSM Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 2018). The program focused on core stabilization, postural alignment, spinal control, and coordinated breathing patterns. Exercises were performed on land using a mat-based Pilates protocol.

Participants with thoracic kyphosis did not receive any structured exercise intervention and were instructed to maintain their usual daily activities throughout the 12-week study period. They were assessed at the same time points as the intervention groups.

Healthy older adults without thoracic kyphosis did not participate in any structured exercise program and maintained their usual daily activities during the study period. They were included as a reference comparison group and assessed at identical time points as the other groups.

A structured 12-week Aquatic Pilates exercise program consisting of 24 sessions performed twice weekly. The intervention involved controlled exercise in a water environment utilizing buoyancy and hydrostatic resistance.

Vital Capacity (VC) measured by spirometry using the SPIROANALYZER ST-95 spirometer. VC is reported in liters (L). Higher values indicate better pulmonary function.

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) measured by spirometry using the SPIROANALYZER ST-95 spirometer. FVC is reported in liters (L). Higher values indicate better pulmonary function.

Thoracic kyphosis angle measured using a kyphometer between T2 and T12 vertebrae. Results are reported in degrees (°). Lower values indicate reduced thoracic kyphosis.

Time required to stand up from a chair, walk 3 meters, return, and sit down. Measured in seconds. Lower scores indicate better mobility and functional performance.

Gait speed calculated over a 4-meter walking distance and reported in meters per second (m/s). Higher scores indicate better walking performance.

Total distance walked during the 6-minute walk test. Reported in meters (m). Higher scores indicate better aerobic capacity and endurance.

Health-related quality of life assessed using the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health-related quality of life.