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This randomized controlled study aims to compare the effects of different periodization-based strength training approaches in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Participants will be allocated to non-linear periodization, linear periodization, or control groups. The intervention program will be conducted for 8 weeks and will evaluate exercise capacity, muscle strength, quality of life, body composition, and metabolic parameters.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with reduced exercise capacity, decreased muscle strength, impaired quality of life, and metabolic dysfunction. Exercise training is recommended as an important component of diabetes management; however, the comparative effectiveness of different strength training periodization approaches remains unclear.
This randomized controlled trial aims to compare the effects of non-linear periodization and linear periodization strength training programs in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Participants will be randomized into three groups: a non-linear periodization training group, a linear periodization training group, and a control group receiving usual care.
The intervention will be conducted for 8 weeks, three times per week. Outcomes including exercise capacity, muscle strength, body composition, quality of life, and metabolic parameters will be evaluated before and after the intervention period.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-linear Periodization Group | Experimental | Participants will receive non-linear periodization-based strength training three times per week for 8 weeks. |
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| Linear Periodization Group | Experimental | Participants will receive linear periodization-based strength training three times per week for 8 weeks. |
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| Control Group | Active Comparator | Participants will receive usual care and no structured exercise intervention during the study period. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-linear Periodization-Based Strength Training | Behavioral | Participants will perform supervised non-linear periodization-based strength training three times per week for 8 weeks. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Exercise Capacity | Exercise capacity will be assessed using the 6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) | Baseline and after 8 week |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Peripheral Muscle Strength | Peripheral muscle strength will be assessed using handheld dynamometry for upper and lower extremity muscle groups and reported in Newton (N). | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in Hand Grip Strength |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ayşegül Erkoç, PT | Contact | +90 553-301-36-73 | erkcaysegl@gmail.com |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Neslihan Duruturk, PhD | Baskent University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baskent University Hospital | Recruiting | Ankara | Ankara | 06790 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003924 | Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D003920 | Diabetes Mellitus |
| D044882 | Glucose Metabolism Disorders |
| D008659 | Metabolic Diseases |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
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Participants will be assigned to one of three parallel groups: non-linear periodization-based strength training, linear periodization-based strength training, or control.
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| Linear Periodization-Based Strength Training | Behavioral | Participants will perform supervised linear periodization-based strength training three times per week for 8 weeks. |
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| Usual Care | Other | Participants will receive usual care and no structured exercise intervention during the study period. |
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Hand grip strength will be assessed using a hand dynamometer and reported in kilograms (kg).
| Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire Score | Change in the Turkish version of the Diabetes Quality of Life Questionnaire (DQOL) total score and subscale scores from baseline to 8 weeks will be evaluated. The DQOL consists of 45 items assessing treatment satisfaction, psychological impact, concerns about future effects of diabetes, and social/vocational concerns. Each item is scored on a 1-5 scale, and higher scores indicate better diabetes-related quality of life. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in Body Fat Percentage | Body fat percentage (%) will be assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in Skeletal Muscle Mass | Skeletal muscle mass (kg) will be assessed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in Resting Metabolic Rate | Resting metabolic rate (kcal/day) will be assessed using indirect calorimetry (COSMED Fitmate Pro, Rome, Italy). | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) | Glycemic control will be assessed by measuring glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (%). | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in Fasting Blood Glucose | Glycemic control will be assessed by measuring fasting blood glucose levels (mg/dL). | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| D004700 | Endocrine System Diseases |