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This randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of upper body-based and lower body-based combined training on serum levels of myostatin (MSTN) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) in overweight and obese men. Myostatin is a myokine involved in the regulation of skeletal muscle growth and adipose tissue metabolism, while HSL is a key enzyme involved in lipolysis and fat mobilization.
Thirty-six overweight and obese men were assigned to either an upper body combined training group, a lower body combined training group, or a non-exercising control group. The intervention consisted of 10 weeks of combined resistance and aerobic training performed three times per week. Serum levels of MSTN and HSL were measured before and after the intervention to determine whether upper body-focused and lower body-focused combined training produce different effects on markers associated with muscle growth and lipid metabolism.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Upper Body Combined Training | Experimental | Participants completed a 10-week upper body-focused combined training program three times per week. Each session consisted of upper body resistance exercises followed by aerobic exercise performed on a hand ergometer. Resistance training included chest press, rowing machine, biceps curl, triceps extension, shoulder press, and abdominal exercises. |
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| Lower Body Combined Training | Experimental | Participants completed a 10-week lower body-focused combined training program three times per week. Each session consisted of lower body resistance exercises followed by aerobic exercise performed on a leg ergometer. Resistance training included leg press, leg extension, leg flexion, leg abduction, leg adduction, and calf raise exercises. |
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| Control | No Intervention | Participants in the control group did not participate in the exercise intervention and were instructed to maintain their usual daily activities throughout the 10-week study period. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upper Body Combined Training | Behavioral | Participants completed a 10-week upper body-focused combined training program performed three times per week. Each session included six upper body resistance exercises (chest press, rowing machine, biceps curl, triceps extension, shoulder press, and abdominal machine exercises) followed by aerobic exercise on a hand ergometer. Resistance training was performed for 3 sets during the first 5 weeks and 4 sets during weeks 6-10, with 8-12 repetitions per set. Aerobic exercise began at 20 minutes and increased by 1 minute each week, reaching 29 minutes in the final week. Exercise intensity was maintained at approximately 57-66% of maximum heart rate during aerobic training. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in serum myostatin (MSTN) concentration | Serum myostatin concentration measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The outcome was assessed before the intervention and 48 hours after completion of the 10-week training program. | Baseline and 10 weeks |
| Change in serum hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) concentration | Serum hormone-sensitive lipase concentration measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The outcome was assessed before the intervention and 48 hours after completion of the 10-week training program. | Baseline and 10 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences of the University of Tehran | Tehran | Tehran Province | Iran |
Individual participant data (IPD) will not be made publicly available. The study was not originally designed with a formal data-sharing plan, and participant-level data contain information that could potentially compromise participant confidentiality.
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Participants were randomly assigned to one of three parallel groups: an upper body combined training group, a lower body combined training group, or a non-exercising control group. Each intervention group completed a 10-week training program consisting of resistance and aerobic exercise performed three times per week, while the control group maintained their usual lifestyle habits.
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No masking was used in this study. Participants, investigators, and study personnel were aware of group assignments due to the nature of the exercise interventions.
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| Lower Body Combined Training | Behavioral | Participants completed a 10-week lower body-focused combined training program performed three times per week. Each session included six lower body resistance exercises (leg press, leg extension, leg flexion, leg abduction, leg adduction, and calf raise exercises) followed by aerobic exercise on a leg ergometer. Resistance training was performed for 3 sets during the first 5 weeks and 4 sets during weeks 6-10, with 8-12 repetitions per set. Aerobic exercise began at 20 minutes and increased by 1 minute each week, reaching 29 minutes in the final week. Exercise intensity was maintained at approximately 57-66% of maximum heart rate during aerobic training. |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D050177 | Overweight |
| D009765 | Obesity |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D044343 | Overnutrition |
| D009748 | Nutrition Disorders |
| D009750 | Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases |
| D001835 | Body Weight |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
| D013568 | Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |
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