This study is aimed to evaluate the efficacy of bone health management in improving pregnancy outcomes among WWE, and establish evidence-based vitamin D supplementation strategies for childbearing-age WWE.

Epilepsy, a common neurological disorder, affects approximately over 70 million individuals worldwide and 0.5-1% of women of childbearing age. Management of women with epilepsy (WWE) during their pregnancy period presents significant challenges. Optimal bone metabolism management is an essential component of obstetric care. To evaluate the efficacy of bone health management in improving pregnancy outcomes among WWE, and establish evidence-based vitamin D supplementation strategies for childbearing-age WWE. Based on the vitamin D levels of pregnant women with epilepsy during the early stage of pregnancy, intervention measures were taken to supplement vitamin D. The bone metabolism indicators of the offspring were tested.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Diagnosis of focal or generalized epilepsy as defined by the International League Against Epilepsy.
• Women of childbearing age, aged ≥18 years, planning pregnancy or in early pregnancy (≤16 weeks gestation, confirmed by last menstrual period or ultrasound) - single pregnancy.
• Willing and able to provide written informed consent.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Pre-existing conditions affecting bone metabolism: primary hyperparathyroidism, Paget's disease, multiple myeloma, chronic kidney disease (eGFR <60 mL/min), cirrhosis (Child-Pugh B/C), or untreated hyper/hypothyroidism.
• History of metabolic complications: hypercalcemia (serum Ca²⁺ >10.5 mg/dL), nephrolithiasis, or granulomatous diseases.
• Recent/current use of bone-modifying drugs: bisphosphonates, glucocorticoids (≥5 mg/day prednisone equivalent for >1 month), or loop diuretics within the past year.
• Ultrasound shows fetal malformation.
• Presence of other severe systemic diseases deemed unsuitable for study participation by the investigator.

pediatricians, lab researchers, statistician