Cesarean section (CS) rates have increased substantially worldwide and in Egypt, where they now account for the majority of deliveries. Maternal and neonatal outcomes may differ between elective and emergency CS. Emergency cesarean sections are generally associated with higher maternal morbidity, including increased risks of postpartum hemorrhage, infection, blood transfusion, longer operative time, and prolonged hospital stay. Neonatal outcomes following emergency CS may also be less favorable, with higher rates of low Apgar scores, respiratory distress, and NICU admission. However, findings remain inconsistent across studies, highlighting the need for further prospective research to comprehensively compare maternal and fetal outcomes between elective and emergency cesarean deliveries.

Inclusion Criteria:

• 1- Pregnant women undergoing cesarean section 2- Singleton pregnancy 3- Gestational age ≥ 28 weeks 4- Age 18-45 years

Exclusion Criteria:

• 1- Multiple pregnancy 2- Known fetal anomalies 3- Intrauterine fetal demise before cesarean section 4- Severe maternal comorbidities (e.g., cardiac disease, renal failure) 5- Rupture uterus 6- patients with placenta previa or accreta spectrum

Pregnant women undergoing cesarean section (elective or emergency) at Women's Health Hospital during the study period. Eligible participants will include women with singleton pregnancies who meet the inclusion criteria and provide complete clinical data. Maternal and neonatal outcomes will be assessed and compared between elective and emergency cesarean section groups.