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Adolescent amputee swimmers often experience challenges related to trunk stabilization, postural control, and efficient force transfer during swimming because of asymmetric biomechanics associated with limb loss. Core muscle training has been proposed as a potential dryland conditioning strategy to support swimming performance and trunk endurance in Para-swimmers; however, evidence from randomized controlled trials in adolescent amputee swimmers remains limited.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of a 12-week supervised isometric core training program on trunk muscular endurance and 50-meter freestyle swimming performance in adolescent amputee swimmers. Participants will be randomly assigned to either an experimental group receiving additional isometric core training together with standard swimming training or a control group performing standard swimming training only.
Primary outcome measures will include 50-meter freestyle performance time. Secondary outcome measures will include trunk muscular endurance assessments such as the 20-second sit-up test, 20-second reverse sit-up test, supine bent-knee leg hold, and prone trunk-extension hold. Assessments will be performed before and after the 12-week intervention period.
The findings of this study may contribute to the development of evidence-based dryland conditioning programs for adolescent Para-swimmers with limb amputations.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Experimental Group | Experimental | Participants in the experimental group completed a 12-week supervised isometric core training program in addition to their regular swimming training. The intervention was performed three times per week and included individualized trunk stabilization and endurance exercises adapted to the athlete's level of amputation. |
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| Control Group | Active Comparator | Participants in the control group continued their regular swimming training program for 12 weeks without additional dryland core training. |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Isometric Core Training | Behavioral | Participants assigned to the experimental group completed a supervised 12-week isometric core training program in addition to their regular swimming training. The intervention was performed three times per week and included individualized exercises targeting trunk stabilization, abdominal endurance, and lumbopelvic control. Exercises were adapted according to the athlete's level of upper- or lower-limb amputation and included front plank, side plank, trunk-extension holds, bridge exercises, Pallof press holds, and bird-dog/dead-bug variations. Training duration and resistance were progressively increased throughout the intervention period. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| 50-m Freestyle Swimming Performance | Official 50-m freestyle race time measured using FINA-approved electronic timing equipment during national Para-swimming competitions. | Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| 20-second Sit-up Performance | Number of correctly completed sit-up repetitions performed within 20 seconds to assess trunk flexor endurance. | Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention |
| 20-second Reverse Sit-up Performance |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Istanbul Gelisim University | Istanbul | 34290 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
Individual participant data sharing has not yet been determined. Data may be shared upon reasonable request after publication of the study results and following approval by the corresponding author and institutional ethics requirements. Participant confidentiality and privacy protections will be maintained.
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | Feb 29, 2024 | May 20, 2026 | Prot_000.pdf |
| SAP | No | Yes | No | Statistical Analysis Plan | Feb 29, 2024 | May 20, 2026 | SAP_001.pdf |
| ICF | No | No | Yes | Informed Consent Form | May 29, 2024 | May 28, 2026 | ICF_002.pdf |
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| Standard Swimming Training | Other | Participants assigned to the control group continued their regular swimming training program for 12 weeks without any additional dryland core training intervention. The swimming program consisted of routine in-water training sessions conducted at the Ankara Olympic Preparation Centre according to the standard preparation program for competitive Para-swimmers. |
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Number of correctly completed reverse sit-up repetitions performed within 20 seconds to assess trunk extensor endurance.
| Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention |
| Supine Bent-knee Leg Hold Duration | Duration in seconds that participants maintained the supine bent-knee leg hold position to assess lumbopelvic endurance. | Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention |
| Prone Trunk-extension Hold Duration | Duration in seconds that participants maintained the prone trunk-extension hold position to assess trunk extensor endurance. | Baseline and after 12 weeks of intervention |