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This randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate the effects of a 12-week Whole-Body High-Intensity Interval Training (WB-HIIT) program compared with Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) on immune function in recreationally active young adults. Participants were randomly assigned to either WB-HIIT or MICT groups. Immune-related biomarkers and performance outcomes were assessed before and after the intervention. The study sought to determine whether different exercise modalities produce distinct adaptations in immune function.
This study was designed as a two-arm, parallel-group, randomized controlled trial. A total of 20 recreationally active male participants were randomly assigned to either the Whole Body High-Intensity Interval Training (WB-HIIT) group or the Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) group. The intervention lasted 12 weeks and involved supervised training sessions multiple times a week.
The WB-HIIT protocol consisted of repeated high-intensity whole-body exercises performed at near-maximum effort with intermittent rest periods, while the MICT group performed moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise. Immune function was assessed through selected hematological and biochemical markers collected at baseline and post-intervention. In addition, physical performance variables were evaluated to examine secondary adaptations to different exercise modalities. The primary aim of the study was to compare the effects of WB-HIIT and MICT on immune system responses, while secondary outcomes included changes in exercise performance. This study provides insights into how different training intensities affect immune regulation in individuals who are active in their leisure time.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Whole-Body HIIT | Experimental | Participants will perform Whole-Body High-Intensity Interval Training (WB-HIIT) protocol. |
|
| MICT | Active Comparator | Participants will perform Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) protocol. |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Whole-Body High-Intensity Interval Training (WB-HIIT) | Behavioral | Whole-body high-intensity interval training protocol performed under supervision. |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Peripheral immune cell counts | Changes in peripheral blood leukocyte, lymphocyte subsets, neutrophil, and monocyte counts from baseline to post-intervention (8 weeks). | Baseline and 8 weeks (post-intervention) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Inflammatory cytokine levels | Changes in serum IL-6, TNF-α, and CRP levels from baseline to post-intervention (8 weeks). | Baseline and 8 weeks (post-intervention) |
| Immunoglobulin levels | Changes in serum immunoglobulin (IgA, IgG, IgM) concentrations from baseline to post-intervention (8 weeks). |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Healthy male adults Aged 18-25 years Not engaged in regular structured exercise training (>3 sessions/week) VO₂max within normal healthy range Willingness to participate and provide informed consent No acute or chronic inflammatory, metabolic, or cardiovascular disease
Exclusion Criteria:
Female participants (not included in study design) Smoking or alcohol abuse Use of anti-inflammatory or immunomodulatory drugs Participation in regular high-intensity training programs Musculoskeletal limitations preventing exercise testing or training Acute infection within last 2 weeks Chronic metabolic, cardiovascular, or autoimmune diseases
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Melih Çalışır, PhD | Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi University | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bitlis Eren University | Bitlis | Merkez | 13100 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
Individual participant data will not be shared due to participant privacy and confidentiality concerns.
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| Type | Includes Protocol | Includes SAP | Includes ICF | Document Label | Document Date | Document Uploaded Date | Document File Name |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prot | Yes | No | No | Study Protocol | May 16, 2026 | May 16, 2026 | Prot_000.pdf |
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Participants will be randomly assigned to either Whole-Body High-Intensity Interval Training (WB-HIIT) or Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) groups.
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No masking was applied due to the nature of exercise interventions.
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| Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training (MICT) | Behavioral | Moderate-intensity continuous training protocol performed under supervision. |
|
| Baseline and 8 weeks (post-intervention) |
| Cortisol levels | Changes in serum cortisol levels as a marker of exercise-induced stress response from baseline to post-intervention (8 weeks). | Baseline and 8 weeks (post-intervention) |
| Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) | Changes in VO₂max measured by cardiopulmonary exercise testing from baseline to post-intervention. | Baseline and 8 weeks (post-intervention) |