Background: University students are at high risk for HPV infection, while HPV vaccination rates remain low. Message framing strategies may influence vaccination-related perceptions and intentions.

Objective: This study aims to compare the effects of gain- and loss-framed HPV vaccination messages on HPV risk perception, HPV knowledge, and vaccination intention among university students.

Methods: This randomized controlled experimental study includes university students from the health sciences faculty of a foundation university. Participants are assigned to gain-framed, loss-framed, and control groups. Data are collected using the Human Papillomavirus Knowledge Scale and the HPV Risk Perception Questionnaire. Statistical analyses include one-way ANOVA, two-way ANOVA, and Chi-square tests. The study is designed in accordance with CONSORT 2010 and EQUATOR Network reporting guidelines.

Keywords: message framing; gain-loss framing; human papillomavirus; vaccination

This randomized controlled experimental study examines the effects of gain- and loss-framed HPV vaccination messages on university students' HPV knowledge, risk perception, and vaccination intention. A total of 927 university students were assigned to gain-framed, loss-framed, and control groups. The study evaluates the relationship between message framing and vaccination-related outcomes among university students.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Aged 18 years or older
• Voluntarily agrees to participate in the study
• Has not received formal education about HPV through a course or class

Exclusion Criteria:

• Has received the HPV vaccine
• Has participated in formal education about HPV through a course or class
• Has a current or previous positive HPV test result or HPV diagnosis

Individual participant data will not be publicly shared in order to protect participant confidentiality and privacy.