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The aim was to investigate the effectiveness of adding aromatherapy massage with a mixture of lavender and orange oil to conventional physical therapy in individuals with chronic nonspecific low back pain on pain, central sensitization, functionality, sleep, quality of life, kinesiophobia, anxiety, and depression in this patient population.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional Physiotherapy | Active Comparator | Hotpack (10 min) TENS (20 min) Ultrasound (5 min) Stretching & stabilization exercises (15 min) Frequency: 5 sessions/week for 4 weeks |
|
| Aromatherapy Massage + Conventional Physiotherapy | Experimental | Same conventional physiotherapy protocol Aromatherapy massage: Lavender + orange essential oil (%1.5 in sweet almond oil) 15 min/session 3 sessions/week for 4 weeks Massage techniques: effleurage, petrissage, friction, vibration |
|
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional Physiotherapy | Other | Hotpack (10 min) TENS (20 min) Ultrasound (5 min) Stretching & stabilization exercises (15 min) Frequency: 5 sessions/week for 4 weeks |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| McGill Pain Questionnaire | The McGill Pain Questionnaire Short Form consists of 15 items evaluating sensory and affective dimensions of pain. Each item is scored on a 0-3 Likert scale, with total scores ranging from 0 to 45. Higher scores indicate greater pain severity. | Baseline, 4 weeks |
| Pressure Pain Threshold (Algometer) | Pressure pain threshold will be measured using an algometer to evaluate sensitivity in predefined anatomical points. The device quantifies the minimum pressure that induces pain. | Baseline, 4 weeks |
| Central Sensitization Inventory | The Central Sensitization Inventory is a 25-item questionnaire assessing symptoms related to central sensitization. Each item is scored on a 5-point Likert scale (0-4), with total scores ranging from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater central sensitization symptoms. | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Disability (Oswestry Disability Index) | The Oswestry Disability Index consists of 10 items assessing functional disability related to low back pain. Each item is scored from 0 to 5, with total scores converted into percentage disability (0-100%). | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Quality of Life (SF-36) |
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Inclusion Criteria
Exclusion Criteria
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kırşehir Research and Training Hospital, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Clinic | Kırşehir | Merkez | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D017116 | Low Back Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001416 | Back Pain |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
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| Aromatherapy Massage + Conventional Physiotherapy | Other | Same conventional physiotherapy protocol Aromatherapy massage: Lavender + orange essential oil (%1.5 in sweet almond oil) 15 min/session 3 sessions/week for 4 weeks Massage techniques: effleurage, petrissage, friction, vibration |
|
The SF-36 Health Survey evaluates quality of life across 8 domains including physical functioning, role limitations, pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, emotional role, and mental health. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better health status. |
| Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory) | The Beck Anxiety Inventory is a 21-item scale measuring anxiety severity. Each item is scored from 0 to 3, with total scores ranging from 0 to 63. | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Depression (Beck Depression Inventory) | The Beck Depression Inventory consists of 21 items assessing depressive symptoms. Total scores classify depression severity as minimal, mild, moderate, or severe. | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Kinesiophobia (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia) | The Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia includes 17 items rated on a 4-point Likert scale. Total scores range from 17 to 68, with higher scores indicating greater fear of movement. | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| Sleep Quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) | The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index evaluates sleep quality across 7 components. Total scores range from 0 to 21, with scores above 5 indicating poor sleep quality. | Baseline and 4 weeks |
| D013568 |
| Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |