The patient was positioned in sitting position and their feet were supported.The basic region consisted of short and long strokes to the anterior superior iliac spine, the sacrolumbar angle, the ilium, L5 to T12, the pectoral muscles.After,the transition was made to the lower thoracic region.Short strokes were applied from lateral to medial on the latissimus dorsi muscle.Short strokes were executed between the transverse processes of the vertebrae from T12 to T7.Following this,long strokes were initiated from the axilla and continued up to the vertebrae.Finally,long strokes continued beneath the scapular angles.At the end of the lower thoracic region massage,the pectoral muscles were subjected to three stroking motions.After concluding the massage of the lower thoracic region,the application was finalized with long strokes performed subcostally and under the iliac crest.

The patient positioned themselves face down with their upper clothing removed. The massage initiation involved employing a general stroking motion. Commencing from the sacrolumbar region, paravertebral long sweeping strokes were executed bilaterally, progressing upwards along the vertebrae's lateral edges. In the area spanning from the lumbothoracic boundary to the gluteals, a general stroking motion was iterated thrice. Subsequently, the erector spinae, latissimus dorsi, and gluteus maximus muscles were sequentially subjected to a series of actions: three cycles of stroking, followed by three cycles of kneading, concluding with three more cycles of stroking. As a concluding step, the initial general stroking movements were replicated thrice prior to finalizing the massage session.

The standardized physiotherapy program included the application of superficial thermal heat, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and therapatic Ultrasound. TENS at a frequency of 100 Hz (250-μsec pulses) was applied for 15 min using two 4- to 6-cm electrodes placed bilaterally on each side of the spinous process of the L4 to S1 vertebrae with thermal therapy. While the TENS application was in progress, the heat treatment was also applied. Topical moist heat treatment at 40°C applied directly on the skin to increase both tissue temperature and blood flow. Then, continuous ultrasound was applied at an intensity of 1.5 to 2.5 W/cm2 for a period of 5 minutes.

It involves manipulating the soft and deep tissues of the body.

The VAS is a widely used, valid, and reliable measurement method for assessing pain intensity. It consists of a horizontal line drawn to a length of 10 cm, with the numbers 0 and 10 located at the left and right ends, respectively. Zero represents "no pain at all," while 10 represents "the most severe pain imaginable." As one moves from left to right along the line, the intensity of pain increases. The patient is asked to mark on the VAS where their current pain intensity lies, based on how they feel at the moment of assessment. The measurement is then recorded in centimeters using a ruler .

The MST is used to assess lumbar mobility in patients. Two Spina iliaca posterior superior landmarks are identified and connected by drawing a line to mark the midline. A point is marked 10 cm above and 5 cm below this midline. The distance between these two points should be 15 centimeters. Subsequently, the patient is asked to bend forward from the waist without bending the knees. While bending, the distance between the same two points is measured again, and the amount of change is calculated.

The SRT, can be utilized to assess trunk mobility or flexibility in patients with back pain. The test was performed by sit and reach box with a measuring scale. The test involved sitting on the floor with legs stretched out straight ahead. The soles of the feet were placed flat against the box. Both knees were locked and pressed flat to the floor. With the palms facing downward and the hands on top of each other, the subjects reached forward along the measuring line as far as possible. The points reached by the patients were marked and recorded.

The BPFS is a 12-item scale used to assess how patients' activities and functions are affected by their current back pain complaints. The scale evaluates activities related to work, school, household tasks, general habits, forward bending, putting on shoes/socks, lifting objects from the ground, sleeping, sitting, standing, walking, stair climbing, and driving a car. For patients who do not drive, the final question can be answered as "travelling." Each statement is scored from 0 to 5, with a maximum score of 60 and a minimum score of 0. Higher scores indicate less difficulty in performing functional activities.