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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of combined diaphragmatic breathing and trunk stabilization exercises on pain, function, and muscle activity in patients with chronic low back pain, and to compare its clinical effectiveness with trunk stabilization exercise alone.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| The combined diaphragmatic breathing and trunk stabilization exercise group | Experimental | The combined diaphragmatic breathing and trunk stabilization exercise group performed trunk stabilization exercises consisting of dead bug, bridge, side plank, and bird dog, with additional diaphragmatic breathing exercise. |
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| The trunk stabilization exercise group | Active Comparator | The trunk stabilization exercise group performed trunk stabilization exercises consisting of dead bug, bridge, side plank, and bird dog |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| trunk stabilization exercise | Behavioral | Trunk stabilization exercises consisting of dead bug, bridge, side plank, and bird dog were performed for 10 repetitions in 3 sets, while the side plank was performed for 5 repetitions with a 10-second hold for 3 sets. Rest intervals between sets were set at 1 minute. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| pain intensity | Pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), a 0-10 cm scale where 0 indicates no pain and 10 indicates the worst imaginable pain. | Baseline and Week 4 |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Functional disability | Functional disability was assessed using the Korean version of the Oswestry Disability Index (KODI). The total score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating greater disability. Disability levels are interpreted as follows: 0-20 (minimal disability), 21-40 (moderate disability), 41-60 (severe disability), 61-80 (crippled), and 81-100 (bed-bound or exaggerating symptoms). |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle activity | Muscle activity was measured using surface electromyography (sEMG) of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, and erector spinae, expressed as %MVIC. | Baseline and Week 4 |
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Private exercise facility | Seoul | South Korea |
Individual participant data (IPD) will not be shared due to ethical and privacy considerations.
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D017116 | Low Back Pain |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D001416 | Back Pain |
| D010146 | Pain |
| D009461 | Neurologic Manifestations |
| D012816 | Signs and Symptoms |
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| diaphragmatic breathing exercise | Behavioral | diaphragmatic breathing exercise was performed in a crook-lying position with one hand placed on the sternum and the other on the abdomen. Participants were instructed to inhale through the nose for 5 seconds, allowing lateral expansion of the rib cage, and exhale through pursed lips for 10 seconds while minimizing chest movement. The breathing exercise was performed for 10 repetitions in 3 sets with 1-minute rest between sets. |
|
| Baseline and Week 4 |
| D013568 |
| Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms |