Oropharyngeoesophageal Topical Anesthesia Prototype Device Versus Intravenous (Propofol -Ketamine Sedation) for Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Oropharyngeoesophageal Topical Anesthesia Prototype Device Versus Intravenous (Propofol -Ketamine Sedation) for Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is an essential and widely used diagnostic and therapeutic procedure in gastroenterology. EGD can be performed in association with topical anesthesia of the pharynx, intravenous anesthesia, or with their combination. Sedation is required to alleviate anxiety, provide analgesia, amnesia and to improve endoscopic performance specifically in therapeutic procedures. However, sedation-related gastrointestinal endoscopy complications when occur, may lead to significant morbidity and occasional mortality especially with moderate and deep sedation. Cardiopulmonary complications resulting from aspiration, oversedation, hypoventilation, vasovagal reflex, and airway obstruction account for more than 50% of all complications associated with upper endoscopy.With regard to the most common sedation regimen used in different countries. In the United States, more than 75% of endoscopists use a benzodiazepine plus narcotic combination, with the combination of midazolam and fentanyl being the most common. A significant percentage of endoscopists (43%) also use propofol regularly, mainly in a hospital setting. In Germany, the most frequently used agents are midazolam (82%) and propofol (74%), and the most common sedation regimens used are propofol plus benzodiazepines (38%) and benzodiazepines plus an opioid (35%). With regard to usage of topical anesthesia during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, in the United Kingdom it was reported that 63% of endoscopists used topical anesthesia regularly during performance of upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. While twenty percent did not use pharyngeal anesthesia at all, and 17% used pharyngeal anesthesia sometimes. Topical pharyngeal anesthesia currently is a requirement for upper endoscopy to provide patients with the best comfort in unsedated EGD. In Hong Kong, 10% Xylocaine pump spray (AstraZeneca, Sodertalje, Sweden) is the pharyngeal anesthesia generally used as a premedication in unsedated EGD. Many studies have compared topical anesthetic agents to other formulations and techniques such as viscous, lozenge, lollipop, and nebulized lidocaine administration. However, it is still unclear which technique is optimal in terms of its influence on the gag reflex, patient tolerability, and pain. Serious allergic reactions were considered to be a risk of local anesthesia in earlier publications, but these are extremely rare. More attention is being paid to the risk of overdosing because lignocaine, the most widely used substance, is a respiratory depressant and an overdose can result in convulsion, hypotension, bradycardia, and even cardiac arrest. As the spray is rapidly absorbed by mucous membranes, the dose should be limited to 200 mg in adults (20 sprays), and in children the limit is 10 sprays. However British Thoracic Society recommends an upper limit of 8.2 mg/kg. The aim of the study is providing more effective, safer, tolerable and offers quicker recovery technique using either the modified Oropharyngeoesophageal Topical Anesthesia (OPETA) technique or conventional intravenous sedation by prepared mixture of propofol and ketamine (ketofol 4:1) .
This study is a randomized prospective clinical study that was conducted in department of Anesthesia, Intensive Care & Pain management, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University Hospitals on 60 patients scheduled to undergo elective upper GI endoscopy during the period from January 2023 to July 2023. Patients classified into two groups: PK Group: 30 patients received intravenous sedation using prepared mixture of propofol and ketamine (in the ratio 4:1). OPETA Group: 30 patients planned for modified Oropharyngeoesophageal Topical Anesthesia by OPETA prototype tool
Inclusion criteria:
Both sex, patients aged between 21-64 years old undergoing elective upper GI endoscopy after taking informed consent, ASA class II /III, BMI < 30 kg/m2
Exclusion criteria:
Hypersensitivity to drugs included in the study, Difficult airway or known airway problems, Active bleeding from esophageal varices, Emergency procedure, Low base line oxygen saturation < 92% at room air, Cases expected to need general anesthesia for the procedure as judged by endoscopist .
All participants were subjected to:
Obtaining of history and physical examination including vital signs, cardiac and chest condition as well as excluding criteria. Routine laboratory investigations included Complete blood count (CBC), Random blood sugar, coagulation profile (PT, PTT, INR), liver function tests , renal function tests .
General and airway examination was done. All patients were kept fasting for 4 hours from clear fluids and 6 hours from other foods. Midazolam 2-2.5 mg was given to all patients at holding area.
Study design:
After routine pre-operative evaluation, standard monitors were connected to the patients: pulse oximetry, noninvasive blood pressure and electrocardiogram and baseline parameter were recorded (peripheral oxygen saturation, mean arterial pressure and heart rate). Intravenous (IV) line will be inserted and atropine IV 1 mg administered for all patients. Patients will be allocated into two equal groups by a computer-generated randomization table:
Group (PK) (n=30):
Patients received intravenous sedation using prepared mixture of propofol and ketamine in ratio (4:1). It is prepared by mixing 0.8 mg/kg propofol with 0.2 mg/kg ketamine (4:1) in an IV bolus, followed by half of the initial dose every 3 minutes as needed for sedation.The desired level of sedation was achieved (more than score 4) using Modified Ramsay sedation score) (table 1) before allowing endoscopiest to start the procedure, then the score was assessed every 3 minutes before giving of top up doses of ketofol 4:1 (half of the initial dose) if needed, then the range and median of modified Ramsay sedation score was calculated.
Group (OPETA) (n=30):
Every patient by him or herself or by help of anesthetist topicalized the anterior tonsillar pillar on both sides and the posterior one third of the tongue as well as the posterior pharyngeal wall using xylocain gel 5 % on the tip of his index or middle finger then after 5-7 minutes the patient inserted his middle finger deeply into his mouth as a test for tolerability before the insertion of OPETA tool (the patient was instructed not to swallow the used local anesthetic but gurgle it as long as possible). While the head tilted forward ("chin on chest"), Lubricated Oropharyngeoseogageal pack (OPETA device), soaked with 10 ml lidocaine 2 % mixed with adrenaline 1/200000 was gradually placed by the patient himself or herself with assistance from the anesthetist and patients swallowing into the esophagus. To ensure effective topical anesthesia and patient tolerance, the pack was left in place for three to five minutes before being moved up, down, clockwise and anti-clockwise.. If necessary, increments of 5 ml of 2% lidocaine/adrenaline mixture was injected through the device until the patient is comfortable. For all patients, the maximum local anesthetic dose (5 mg/kg of lidocaine without adrenaline and 7 mg/kg of a lidocaine with adrenaline 1:200000) was meticulously considered. However, we tried to keep the maximum dosage at 5 mg/kg as we dealing with topical anesthesia at the mucous membrane.
The Oropharyngeo-esophygeal Topical Anesthesa (OPETA) device:
It is a handmade device of a patented concept (patency no 23733, academy of scientific research and technology, ARST. Egypt, it is originally used as supraglottic topical anesthesia device (Nofal 2010).
The prototype OPETA device consists of orogastric tube surrounded by a cotton gauze of 5 cm. width. The tube and device size are age dependent and usually of 16-gauge tube size. The tip of the orogastric tube is burnt e.g., by a flame of lighter and simultaneously clamped by a needle holder. Air under pressure is then pushed through the tube port using a 10 ml syringe to verify integrity of the closed tip. Starting from the burnt closed tip, the orogastric tube was punctured with a 21-gauge needle in two perpendicular planes with 1 cm in between each puncture within the same plane for 45 to 50 cm in adult cases representing the length of a line passing from the mouth to earlobe then to xyphoid process. 5 cm wide cotton gauze was wrapped over the punctured part of the tube and secured with 2-0 Mersilk.
After inserting the device into the oropharyngeal cavity and esophagus, local anesthetic (LA) /adrenaline mixture was injected into the punctured tube when required. The injected LA was sprayed through the puncture sites to the surrounding cotton gauze that is in contact with the oropharyngeal and esophageal mucosa, anesthetizing it. During the device insertion, if it is required to make the device less malleable for easier insertion, part of an ureteric guide wire or ureteric catheter cover could be inserted within the tube of the device to strengthen it. After getting the patient sedated or topically anesthetized, endoscopist started the procedure.The modified Aldrete's scoring system was used for the discharge of all patients from recovery. Achievement of at least 9 out of 10 scores was the criteria for discharge in this study. Twenty four hour after the procedure all patients were asked through telephone connection about their experiences regarding the intraprocedural events, they were asked to score their satisfaction level during the procedure in terms of recalling any painful or other undesirable intraprocedural events.
Monitoring:
Standard monitors for all cases include patient's heart rate, oxygen saturation, and MAP pre-procedural (basal) for both topical and sedation groups then every 5 minutes throughout the procedure until the patient is fully alert. Side effects such as hypotension and bradycardia were recorded, if hypotension occurs (decrease in MAP more than 20% from baseline) it was treated with normal saline and if blood pressure was not corrected, ephedrine 5 mg was administered incrementally, and if bradycardia occurs (HR < 60 beats/min) it was treated with atropine 0.01 mg/kg).
Note: all upper GI endoscopy procedures was preformed by OLYMPUS EVIS EXERA III CV- 190 .
Post procedural assessment:
Patient assessment:
Endoscopist assessment:
The endoscopist assessed the following:
Data collection:
Patient characteristics (Age, Sex, ASA physical status class, BMI). Indications of endoscopic procedure. Baseline heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), and oxygen saturation were recorded every five minutes throughout endoscopic procedure and every 10 minutes when the patients at PACU.
Patient Assessment: numeric rating scale (0 …………..…….10)
Time:
Statistical analysis All data were collected, tabulated and statistically analyzed using SPSS 26.0 for windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Quantitative data were expressed as the mean ± SD & median (interquartile range), and qualitative data were expressed as absolute frequencies (number) & relative frequencies (percentage). Independent samples Student's t-test was used to compare between two groups of normally distributed variables while Mann Whitney U test was used for non- normally distributed variables. Percent of categorical variables were compared using Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test when appropriate. All tests were two sided. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant (S), P-value ≥ 0.05 was considered statistically insignificant (NS).
Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria: