A 4-week program of vibration training in a seated position combined with conventional rehabilitation led to significant improvements in unaffected side lower limb muscle strength, functional recovery, quality of life, and self-esteem in patients with chronic stroke. No significant improvement was noted in affected side lower limb muscle strength. These findings highlight the integration of localized muscle vibration training into rehabilitation as a promising strategy for treating individuals with chronic stroke.

Inclusion Criteria:

• hospitalization for chronic stroke (≥ 6 months since onset)
• age ≥ 20 years
• Mini-Mental State Examination score ≥ 24
• able to communicate verbally or nonverbally and understand Mandarin or Taiwanese
• modified Rankin Scale of 2 to 4
• Brunnstrom stage ≥ 3
• willing to participate with consent to randomization

Exclusion Criteria:

• transient ischemic attack
• neuromuscular or musculoskeletal disorders of the both upper or lower limbs or history of orthopedic surgery within the past 6 months
• deep vein thrombosis
• pacemaker implantation
• unstable conditions, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis, or psychiatric disorders