This observational epidemiological study aims to assess the prevalence of gummy smile and altered passive eruption in a young adult population, with a focus on the second sextant. Periodontal and aesthetic parameters, along with patient-reported discomfort, will be analyzed to identify potential correlations and underlying anatomical factors.

The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of gummy smile, with particular focus on altered passive eruption, in a young adult population. Additionally, the study seeks to analyze key aesthetic and periodontal parameters in order to better understand their role in the etiology and clinical manifestation of excessive gingival display. Special attention is given to the second sextant, which is most frequently involved in gummy smile, to investigate the local distribution of these alterations and their diagnostic relevance.

Furthermore, the study aims to explore the relationship between the extent of gingival exposure and variations in periodontal parameters, while also assessing the level of aesthetic, psychological, and social discomfort perceived by affected individuals. Data analysis will also allow the identification of potential individual anatomical factors, such as the position of the mucogingival junction and clinical crown dimensions, that may be associated with altered passive eruption.

This is an observational epidemiological study designed to evaluate periodontal aesthetic parameters in patients attending their first clinical visit. The study will also assess the presence of aesthetic discomfort, investigate possible correlations, and explore the need for treatment related to second sextant conditions. Patients selected according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria will undergo an operator-patient interview to collect anamnestic and clinical data. documentation.

Inclusion Criteria:

• Male and female subjects;
• Age between 18 and 50 years;
• Periodontally healthy subjects;
• Patients with no history of orthodontic treatment;
• Patients without gingival hypertrophy or hyperplasia.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Age < 18 or > 50 years;
• Patients diagnosed with Stage I-IV periodontitis;
• Patients currently undergoing orthodontic treatment;
• Patients with severe dental crowding in the second sextant;
• Patients taking medications associated with gingival hypertrophy or -hyperplasia;
• Patients unwilling to provide informed consent;
• Patients with fixed or removable prostheses in the second sextant;
• Patients with a history of surgical procedures in the second sextant;
• Patients with uncontrolled diabetes or neuropsychiatric disorders;
• Patients with infectious diseases;
• Pregnant or breastfeeding women, or those with suspected pregnancy;
• Patients taking bisphosphonates;
• Oncologic patients and those undergoing head and neck radiotherapy or receiving chemotherapy;
• Patients with alcohol or drug abuse.

The population will include individuals with and without excessive gingival display, in order to assess the prevalence of gummy smile and its association with altered passive eruption and related anatomical and aesthetic parameters. Particular attention will be given to the second sextant, which represents the area most frequently involved in gingival display.

All participants will undergo a non-invasive clinical and photographic assessment aimed at evaluating gingival exposure, clinical crown dimensions, and other relevant anatomical features. In addition, patient-reported outcomes regarding aesthetic perception and psychosocial impact will be collected.