A structured, family care education was provided to parents of hospitalized neonates. The session focused on promoting parental involvement in infant care, reducing parental anxiety and depression, and minimizing neonatal pain. The intervention was delivered individually to each parent-infant dyad during hospitalization and included guidance on routine neonatal care, recognizing and responding to infant cues, and supportive strategies for high-risk infants.

In this study, the "Care Participation Assessment Scale for Mothers with Infants Hospitalized in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit" was used to evaluate the level of maternal participation in the care of their infants. The scale consists of 19 items assessing caregiving practices performed by mothers. Each item is scored dichotomously (Yes/No), with "Yes" scored as 1 and "No" as 0. The total score ranges from 0 to 19, with higher scores indicating greater participation in infant care.

In this study, the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale was used to assess postpartum depressive symptoms. The scale consists of 10 items, each scored on a 4-point Likert scale (0-3). The total score ranges from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating greater severity of depressive symptoms.

In this study, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was used to assess anxiety levels. The scale consists of two subscales: state anxiety (STAI-S) and trait anxiety (STAI-T), each comprising 20 items. Items are rated on a 4-point Likert scale, and total scores for each subscale range from 20 to 80, with higher scores indicating greater levels of anxiety.

In this study, the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale was used to assess pain in neonates. The scale consists of 6 items evaluating facial expression, cry, breathing patterns, arm and leg movements, and state of arousal. Each item is scored between 0 and 1, except for crying, which is scored between 0 and 2. The total score ranges from 0 to 7, with higher scores indicating greater pain intensity.

In this study, neurological risk level was assessed using the Dubowitz Neurological Examination. This standardized assessment evaluates neonatal neurological function, including tone, reflexes, movements, and behavioral responses. The total score ranges from 0 to 34, with higher scores indicating better neurological status and lower neurological risk.