Patients received propofol (2-2.5 mg/kg) and rocuronium for induction. Anesthesia was maintained with a propofol infusion (titrated according to hemodynamics and to maintain BIS between 40-55). Following delivery, remifentanil infusion was administered.

Patients received propofol (2-2.5 mg/kg) and rocuronium for induction. Anesthesia was maintained with 2-3% sevoflurane in an oxygen-air mixture, titrated to maintain BIS between 40-55. Following delivery, an intravenous bolus of fentanyl was administered.

Administered intravenously for induction at a dose of 2 to 2.5 mg/kg. For maintenance in the TIVA group, a 2% propofol infusion was started at 14 mg/kg/hour at the 1st minute post-intubation, then decreased to 11 mg/kg/hour. The infusion rate was increased by increments of 2 mg/kg/hour if the Bispectral Index (BIS) exceeded 50 or if the heart rate increased by 10-20% from baseline. Following fascia closure, the rate was reduced to 6 mg/kg/hour and discontinued completely at skin closure.

Anesthesia depth was monitored continuously using a four-channel frontal pEEG electrode to maintain a target BIS value between 40 and 55. The Bispectral Index scale ranges from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 100. Lower scores indicate deeper sedation/anesthesia, while higher scores indicate a more awake state

The Neonatal Neurologic and Adaptive Capacity Score (NACS) is a neurobehavioral assessment scale for newborns. The scale ranges from a minimum score of 0 to a maximum score of 40. Higher scores indicate a better outcome (better neurological adaptation). Scores of 35 or above indicate normal/adequate neurological adaptation, while scores below 35 indicate inadequate adaptation

Analysis of umbilical cord blood evaluating pH, to assess the newborn's immediate postnatal transition and metabolic state.