The Research Ethics Committee of Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University

Biomechanical Determinants of Functional Balance in Older Women: Role of Hip and Knee Isokinetic Peak Torques

Postural stability is a key determinant of functional independence in elderly populations, particularly among women due to age-related declines in muscle strength and balance. Despite recognition of the lower limb musculature's importance in balance, the specific contributions of individual hip and knee muscles to postural control remain insufficiently characterized. Therefore, the main aims of this research were to examine correlations among all major hip and knee muscles and functional balance, as measured by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), in elderly women in addition to identifying which hip and knee muscles serve as independent predictors of functional balance via multiple regression analysis.

Postural stability is a key determinant of functional independence in elderly populations, particularly among women due to age-related declines in muscle strength and balance. Despite recognition of the lower limb musculature's importance in balance, the specific contributions of individual hip and knee muscles to postural control remain insufficiently characterized. Therefore, the main aims of this research were to examine correlations among all major hip and knee muscles and functional balance, as measured by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), in elderly women in addition to identifying which hip and knee muscles serve as independent predictors of functional balance via multiple regression analysis. A cross-sectional observational design was employed on 130 older women. Peak torque (PT) of hip and knee muscles were measured by Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer. Balance was measured using Berg Balance Scale (BBS) scale.

Inclusion Criteria:

female gender, age ≥ 60 years independent ambulation adequate cognitive ability.

Exclusion Criteria:

a history of neurological disorders affecting balance (e.g., stroke, Parkinson's disease), severe musculoskeletal impairments of the lower limbs (e.g., recent fractures, advanced osteoarthritis, hip or knee replacement) current participation in structured lower limb strength training programs any medical condition contraindicating maximal isokinetic testing (e.g., uncontrolled hypertension or cardiovascular disease).