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This study aimed to examine the effect of a 4-week neuromuscular balance-based training program on landing mechanics as reflected by the Landing Error Scoring System-Real Time (LESS-RT), together with associated changes in knee proprioception (JPS), force sense (FSET), static balance (SLST), and single-leg functional performance in elite female wrestlers.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention group | Experimental | proprioceptive exercise application. The intervention process will be planned as individualized sessions, 3 days a week, for 30 minutes each, over a period of 4 weeks, and will be conducted under the supervision of a physiotherapist. |
|
| Control group | No Intervention | no additional intervention |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise | Other |
|
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) | The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) is an observational assessment tool used to evaluate lower extremity biomechanics during a jump-landing task. Participants perform a standardized jump from a platform and land while their movements are recorded and analyzed based on specific criteria. Higher LESS scores indicate a greater number of movement errors and an increased risk of lower extremity injury, particularly anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. A commonly used cut-off score is ≥5, indicating a higher risk of lower extremity injury, particularly ACL injury. | t0: baseline t1: at 4 weeks (post-intervention, after 12 sessions) |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Joint Position Sense (JPS) | With their eyes closed, the participant is seated with their knee passively brought to a 45° flexion, held for 5 seconds, and then returned to the starting position. The participant is then asked to actively reproduce the same angle. Three repetitions are performed for each leg, and the average absolute angular error (degrees) is calculated. Measurement will be done using a goniometer. There is no universally established cut-off value; higher repositioning error values indicate impaired proprioception. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Assessment of Strength Sensation with Barometric Cuff | This innovative method will assess force perception and motor sensitivity. A barometric cuff (e.g., DHD-3®, Biometrics Ltd.) is placed at the tibial plateau, and the participant is asked to compress the cuff during knee extension until a target pressure value is reached. They are then asked to repeat the same movement with their eyes closed. The difference in approach to the target pressure (absolute error, mmHg) is analyzed as the average of 3 repetitions. There is no standardized cut-off value; greater deviation from the target pressure reflects reduced force sense accuracy |
Inclusion Criteria:
• Not having suffered a knee injury or undergone surgery within the last 6 months,
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yalova University | Yalova | Yalova | 77100 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D015444 | Exercise |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D009043 | Motor Activity |
| D009068 | Movement |
| D009142 | Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena |
| D055687 | Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena |
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| t0: baseline t1: at 4 weeks (post-intervention, after 12 sessions) |
| t0: baseline t1: at 4 weeks (post-intervention, after 12 sessions) |
| Single-Leg Hop Test Battery | The Single Leg Hop Test Battery is a functional performance assessment used to evaluate lower extremity strength, power, and dynamic stability. It typically includes a series of hop tests such as the single hop for distance, triple hop for distance, crossover hop, and timed hop performed on one leg. Performance is quantified based on distance or time, and results are often expressed as a limb symmetry index to assess side-to-side differences. A limb symmetry index (LSI) of <90% is generally considered indicative of functional asymmetry and increased injury risk. | t0: baseline t1: at 4 weeks (post-intervention, after 12 sessions) |
| Lower Extremity Functional Scale | The Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) is a self-reported questionnaire used to assess functional status in individuals with lower extremity conditions. It consists of 20 items evaluating difficulty in performing daily activities, each scored on a 5-point scale. Higher total scores indicate better functional ability and lower levels of disability. A cut-off score of <60 points is often interpreted as the presence of significant functional limitation in the lower extremities. | t0: baseline t1: at 4 weeks (post-intervention, after 12 sessions) |