The goal of this cluster randomised clinical trial is to investigate the impact of adding strength and balance exercises into traditional aerobic-based Cardiac Rehabilitation Community/Maintenance classes on the functional fitness of older adults.

The main questions it aims to answer are:

1. To explore participants' functional fitness changes,
2. Confidence in balance,
3. Concerns about falling compared to those participating in traditional aerobic-based cardiac rehabilitation only.
4. Understand the perceptions of participants regarding the addition of strength and balance into classes.
5. Understand the views of exercise professionals delivering the classes with additional strength and balance.

Participants:

1. Will get their Functional fitness measured using the Functional Fitness MOT at baseline, and carry out questionnaires on their current physical activity levels, confidence in balance and concerns about falling.
2. The traditional aerobic-based cardiac rehabilitation classes (Clusters) will be randomised into Intervention Groups (additional strength and balance added) and usual care (Control Groups).
3. After 12 weeks, Functional Fitness and the questionnaires will be reassessed.
4. Two weeks after the 12-week follow-up, participants will be invited to an online focus group on Microsoft Teams to understand their perceptions of strength and balance.
5. Additionally, exercise Leaders will be invited to an interview on Microsoft Teams to discuss their views on strength and balance incorporation into maintenance cardiac rehabilitation classes.

Study Design: This will be a pilot cluster RCT. The control group participants will remain in traditional aerobics-based cardiac rehabilitation. The intervention group participants will undergo additional strength and balance exercises within their cardiac rehabilitation classes).

Location: All classes will occur in their current venues (community). Baseline and follow-up functional fitness tests and questionnaires will take place in these same venues. Focus-groups (participants in the Intervention Group) and interviews (exercise leaders) will take place online using Microsoft Teams.

Length of time participants will be involved in the study:

Participants in Cardiac Rehabilitation Groups - 30/40-minute appointment (at their normal venue for their classes) in February/March 2026 for Functional Fitness testing, 12-week follow up testing and 60-90-minute focus group online appointment in June 2026. Exercise Leaders (Intervention Group) will be interviewed at the end of the study (maximum 60 minutes).

Participants: The study population will be older adults aged 50+ in Scotland attending Community/Maintenance Cardiac Rehabilitation classes.

Interventions: Control arm: participants will continue with their traditional cardiac rehabilitation classes in the same form (usual care).

Intervention arm: Exercise Leaders will add strength and balance exercises into the session (approximately 20 minutes in each 60 minute class) for the 12 weeks of the study. Instructors will be provided with a video showing a variety of potential exercises they could add into their class (approximately 10 strength and 10 balance exercises (dynamic and static). It is their discretion which exercises they put into their classes and can alter them within the selection between classes, allowing them to tailor to their particular group abilities. The exercises have been chosen as they have been added, without any adverse events, to 5 classes in the local area courtesy of one instructor who found her clients needed more strength and balance work in their sessions to improve their stability during the endurance work. Anecdotally, most participants fed back to the instructor that these exercises had helped their balance and stability.

Primary Outcome Measures:

Two functional fitness tests from the Functional Fitness MOT (FFMOT) (see below) that assess lower body strength and balance (the 30-second chair stand test and single leg balance).

The secondary outcome measures are: The remaining 4 FFMOT measures, a modified version of the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity (RAPA), confidence in balance (CONFBal) and the Falls Efficacy Scale - International (FES-I). The three questionnaires are validated.

Functional Fitness MOT - the functional tests within the FFMOT are all validated functional tests with normative data (for age and sex).

1. 30-Second Chair Stand as a measure of lower limb strength;
2. Handgrip strength as a measure of upper limb strength;
3. Single Leg Stance as a measure of static standing balance;
4. 8 Foot Up and Go as a measure of dynamic balance and mobility;
5. The Chair sit and Reach as a measure of lower limb flexibility and
6. Back Scratch as a measure of upper limb flexibility. Flexibility tests (5 and 6) have been added as strength training has been found to cause muscle stiffness. The final test in the FFMOT - the 6-Minute Walk Test will not be used in this study as it is a measure of lower limb endurance and often captured by cardiac rehabilitation programmes already.

Feedback on the functional tests above will be provided on performance in comparison to normative age-and-sex-appropriate data.

Qualitative data: as part of a process evaluation investigators will capture participants' perceptions, understanding and views of having strength and balance exercise added to Maintenance Cardiac Rehabilitation sessions via focus groups of 6-8 participants, as recommended. This will be completed within two weeks following the 12-week follow-up. The investigators will host these focus groups online to reduce travel burden and time for participants and researchers. The investigators appreciate this will mean potentially excluding views of anyone who is not comfortable in using Microsoft Teams. Investigators will ask people who might want to express their views to talk to their Exercise Leader and they can share with the investigators any views not captured from those willing to join our online groups. Investigators aim to run one focus group per Intervention Group class so not all participants will be expected to be involved in this aspect of data collection.

All consenting Exercise Instructors leading the Intervention Groups will be interviewed on Teams about their experience, views and understanding of adding strength and balance exercise to their Maintenance Cardiac Rehabilitation sessions.

Data Handling & Record Keeping:

Data will be collected and be accessible to the immediate study team only. FFMOT's will be undertaken by DPT student Areeba Iqbal, Professor Dawn A Skelton and Dr Morag Thow. All members of the study team have received appropriate training from Professor Dawn A Skelton to carry out the FFMOT.

In addition to the data collection mentioned above, rates of recruitment (within current cardiac rehabilitation sessions, as not all will consent) and data loss (anyone that leaves or does not complete 12 week follow-up) will be reported. Retention (attendance data at the sessions) will be reported.

Furthermore, demographics will be reported (age, sex, location of screening, number of months/years engaged in current cardiac rehabilitation classes and attendance at exercise sessions during the 12 week study. Participants' household postcode will be categorised in terms of the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation. All the data from the participants will be anonymised and follow General Data Protection Regulations.

Focus groups and interviews will be recorded on Microsoft Teams to obtain key quotes supporting themes. The Teams transcriptions will be downloaded, anonymised and saved on an encrypted drive and then the recordings on Teams will be deleted.

As soon as participants are recruited into the study, they will be assigned a unique number by the PI.

The data file giving the names of the participants and unique numbers will be stored in a secure cloud-based system hosted by GCU. Thereafter, all data collected will use these unique identifiers, so that the data is kept anonymous. The PI will collect and record all data from baseline, follow-up, and focus-group assessments via paper-based data collection. These will be scanned and put into digital formats (original paper form destroyed) and then stored in a secure cloud-based system hosted by GCU. Fully anonymised data will be manually entered into Microsoft Excel by the PI. Following completion of the study, all such data will be archived in line with GCU procedures and confidentially disposed of after 25 years (new regulations for Clinical Trial Data from 2026, from recent Good Clinical Practice Training).

Data Analysis:

Initially, the quantitative OMs (see above) will be checked for normal distribution using SPSS software. If the data is normally distributed, then the data will be presented as means (± SD) at baseline and post-intervention, and an ANOVA will be performed to determine any group differences. If the data is non-normally distributed, data will be presented as Median (range), and the Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test will be used to look at differences over time within groups. Effect sizes, using Cohen's ds of within-group changes, will provide information to help determine sample size in subsequent studies.

A Word document will be shared online by the researcher during the focus group to confirm, review, and validate general themes with participants in real time, enabling a naturalistic view in the group setting.

Interviews with the Exercise Leaders will also take place on Teams and be transcribed and thematically analysed taking an inductive approach. Anonymised transcripts will be read through independently by three researchers several times to familiarise themselves with the data and to identify candidate themes using open coding and listing codes under higher order headings. To enhance trustworthiness and credibility and to refine the final themes, an additional fourth researcher will review.

The study will adhere to GCU data security and data protection/GDPR legislation.

Recruitment of Participants and Consent: As this is a pilot cluster RCT the investigators have not performed a sample size calculation and instead look to recruit from a convenience sample of participants from six traditional aerobic-based Community/Maintenance Cardiac Rehabilitation Classes. Investigators have already spoken to the Exercise Leaders of these sessions (as Gatekeepers), and they will invite the PI, who will then introduce the study to potential participants and answer any questions.

Potential participants will be mailed a participant information sheet by the PI explaining the research and a consent form to complete if they are interested in taking part. They will return these to their Exercise Leader, who will send them to the PI. They will be informed that their participation is voluntary and their attendance at the Maintenance Cardiac Rehabilitation classes will not be affected if they choose not to participate. The PI will then contact them by telephone and screen them based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and answer any questions the participant has. Participants will be invited to their Community Maintenance Cardiac Rehabilitation class premises at a time that suits them to undertake baseline data collection.

The traditional aerobic-based Community/Maintenance Cardiac Rehabilitation class venues (clusters) will be randomised (rather than the individuals recruited within the classes) to avoid contamination. Once the PI has received all consent forms and performed the screening, the names of the traditional aerobic-based Community/Maintenance Cardiac Rehabilitation classes (there are six across Scotland that have agreed to be recruited) will be sent to an independent researcher (Janet Finlayson) who will randomise the groups using https://www.randomizer.org/. Following this, they will let the PI know which classes (and individuals within those classes that have consented to be involved in the study) will have an additional strength and balance exercises added (Intervention), and which classes will continue as usual (Control). Following randomisation of the groups, the groups will carry out their intervention for 12 weeks. They will then be invited to their Community/Maintenance Cardiac Rehabilitation class premises at a time that suits them to complete follow-up testing within two weeks of completion of the 12 week intervention. The intervention group participants will be invited to take part in online focus groups two weeks after their testing. Participants will be told they can withdraw from the study up until the analysis/study write-up. After this point data will be pooled together; therefore, it will not be possible to segregate individual data. Participants will be told that this will not affect their participation in their Community/Maintenance Cardiac Rehabilitation class sessions. If any participants in the Intervention Group would prefer not to undertake additional strength and balance exercises the Exercise Leader will give them traditional aerobic exercises to complete whilst the others do the additional strength and balance exercises.

Exercise instructors/physiotherapists will be recruited at the start of the study. Potential participants will be mailed a participant information sheet by the PI explaining the research and a consent form to complete if they are interested in taking part. They will send these to the PI. They will be informed that their participation is voluntary, and their leadership of Community/Maintenance Cardiac Rehabilitation classes will not be affected if they choose not to participate. The PI will then contact them by telephone and answer any questions the participant has. Exercise Leaders whose classes are allocated to the Intervention Group will be invited to a semi-structured interview on Teams at a time that suits them two weeks after the class participants follow-up.

Potential participants will learn about the study from their exercise leaders (gatekeepers).

The PI will then meet with participants to introduce the study, answer any questions and hand out/mail participant information sheets/consent forms.

Written informed consent will be gained. Participants will return consent forms to their exercise leaders who will contact the PI. The PI will then screen potential participants against the inclusion/exclusion criteria.

The PI will be responsible for securing informed consent prior to starting the study.

Participants will be told they can withdraw from the study up until the analysis/study write-up. After this point data will be pooled together; therefore, it will not be possible to segregate individual data.

There are minimal risks involved in the study. The Functional Fitness MOT has been around since 2011 and is being delivered across the UK, Malta and Greece by professionals trained by Later Life Training. The FFMOT test battery has not led to any adverse events as all these tests are sub-maximal. However, potential harms include muscoskeletal injury (strains or sprains), a fall (during balance or mobility tests) and loss of personal data. There is unlikely to be any distress caused during focus groups/interviews as the questions are about their participation in classes, they already take part in but with the addition of strength and balance exercises. However, these have been mitigated as discussed in the GCU ethics application.

The addition of strength and balance exercises to traditional cardiac rehabilitation sessions has already been used in 5 classes (by Morag Thow and others who saw her additional exercises and have added them already). There have been no adverse events with the addition of these additional exercises. However, the Exercise Leaders will be asked to consider additional risk assessment of adding challenging balance exercises to their classes with their particular participants in mind.

The location of the baseline and follow-up testing and focus groups will be in a clean, tidy space with a non-slip floor. Chairs will be available for the single-leg stance for support if required. All equipment used will be safe and unbroken. Adding balance exercises does carry some risk; however, exercise leaders will progressively introduce these exercises with support nearby.

The risk of injury during functional testing will be mitigated by only recruiting participants who are already participating in regular exercise in group settings.

The loss of personal data will be mitigated by minimising the amount of personal data being used, only collecting essential personal data, restricting access to personal data (e.g. only the research team), using secure (e.g. encrypted) data storage methods, anonymising data as soon as possible, and destroying data confidentially.

The risk of distress being caused during focus groups/interviews will be mitigated by informing potential participants that involvement in the study is voluntary and they are free to withdraw at any time. They will be asked to let the investigators know if they are concerned or worried about talking about their experience of taking part in a class with additional strength and balance exercises and as the focus groups will be online the PI will offer to remain after the focus groups or call them individually to chat through and offer support.

Participants will be informed about the focus groups, so they know what to expect and the type of questions being asked. Potential participants will be informed they can skip questions and/or take breaks during the focus groups/interviews. Two researchers will be online in the focus groups and one will monitor participants for signs of distress.

Safety procedures are in place to support safety of participants during the exercise sessions, all instructors complete risk assessments of venues and check the health of participants at the start of every session.

Potential Benefits of the study: Possibility of incorporating exercise to improve and maintain function and reduce falls in older adults participating in Community/Maintenance Cardiac Rehabilitation classes. Improved understanding of how participants view the addition of strength and balance exercise in their classes. Improved understanding of how exercise leaders view the addition of strength and balance into classes.

No specific PPIE was involved in the conception of this study, however, Dr Morag Thow, another supervisor of the PI has added strength and balance exercises to her cardiac rehabilitation classes that she delivers following doing FFMOTs with her participants some years ago, hence the interest in looking at the effects of adding these exercises to traditional groups to see if there is an effect on functional fitness.

The participants in this study will be encouraged to share the results within their peer groups and may be involved, if interested, in disseminating the results at a future BACPR conference, where cardiac rehabilitation patients are often invited to describe impact of their involvement in exercise.

The study team are unlikely to find any important health issues as any medical tests (bloods or BP) are not being conducted and the functional tests are sub-maximal. It is possible investigators will notice or the participant may mention dizziness on standing (postural hypotension) but if this occurs, investigators will recommend they speak to their GP. The investigators are not seeking consent to contact a participants GP on their behalf.

If a participant discloses professional misconduct and/or poor practice (e.g. within their current cardiac rehabilitation classes) the PI will inform the Supervisor (Dawn Skelton) and the disclosure will be documented, and guidance will be sought from GCU Ethics Committee. If the supervisor feels anything needs further escalation then the ADR will be contacted immediately.

Participants can contact the PI from July 2026 to access study findings. Findings will also be presented in an academic journal and potentially at the annual BACPR conference.

Participants in the Intervention Group can discuss with their Exercise Leader as to whether they wish the class to remain with the new exercises added or whether they prefer to return to the traditional cardiac rehabilitation exercises. They will have received the Functional Fitness MOT booklet (FFMOT doc attached with this application) which explains the tests and can re-test themselves over time with help from peers or the Exercise Leader. Participants in the Control Group can ask their Exercise Leader to show them the new strength and balance exercises (at the end of the study the Exercise Instructors leading the Control Groups will be sent the videos that the Intervention Group Exercise Instructors were sent) and if they like the new format of the class they can continue with it post-trial.

There is no reimbursement offered as there is no budget. However, all baseline and follow-up testing will take place at the venue they already attend for their cardiac rehabilitation classes and most of the participants have free bus passes.

Study related difficulties (during the exercise classes) will be immediately reported to the PI who will inform the supervisor (Dawn Skelton). If a participant has a fall in a class the instructor will take appropriate action (check for injury, call 999 if necessary) as they would if any medical event occurred during the class. If more than one serious adverse event occurs as a result of the addition of the exercises the study will be stopped.

During the baseline and follow-up testing, more than one researcher will be available. If a fall, injury or the participant becomes unconscious occurs during testing for any length of time, one researcher will remain with the participant while the other researcher contacts the emergency services on 999. If an ambulance is required this would be awaited and the incident would be reported to Prof. Dawn Skelton and the ADR immediately.

Study related difficulties and any adverse events (related or potentially related to the Intervention) will be reported in the final report.

Participants who are not randomised into the 'intervention' (strength and balance added) will be offered this at the end of the study if they wish. After the study completes, Exercise Leaders of the Control Group classes will be sent the same videos and will ask their participants if they want to try the new exercises and whether they wish to continue with them.

Inclusion Criteria:

• English-speaking older adults
• Aged ≥50 years old
• Able to provide written informed consent
• Currently engaged with community-based Maintenance Cardiac Rehabilitation exercise classes within Scotland for at least 6 months

Exclusion Criteria:

• Show symptoms of an unstable cardiovascular medical condition
• Have moderate or severe cognitive impairment (can neither understand nor write the informed consent form, and/or cannot follow instructions)
• Have upper or lower limb amputation
• Have had upper or lower limb fractures in the past six months.

Currently part of DPT project, may be shared after degree completion

Randomisation was performed by a person independent from the study team