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| ID | Type | Description | Link |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ataturk University BAP Project | Other Identifier | Ataturk University BAP Project No: TDK-2025-16182 |
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Childbirth is a unique experience that affects maternal health physiologically, emotionally, and socially, and represents a crucial step in the transition to motherhood. Primiparous women often experience fear related to childbirth due to uncertainty about the process, pain, or possible complications. This randomized controlled trial aims to evaluate the effect of a QR code-based virtual tour of the delivery room on primiparous women's fear of childbirth, childbirth readiness, vaginal birth rate, and postpartum breastfeeding self-efficacy. Participants will be provided access to three virtual videos via QR codes, allowing them to explore the delivery room, understand the admission process, and learn about postpartum care. The study will assess outcomes using validated scales for childbirth fear, prenatal readiness, birth-related self-efficacy, and postpartum breastfeeding. By familiarizing participants with the delivery environment, this intervention aims to reduce fear, improve confidence and preparedness, and encourage vaginal delivery. The findings are expected to inform strategies to enhance maternal experiences, support national initiatives such as the Normal Birth Action Plan, and contribute to safer, more satisfying birth and breastfeeding outcomes.
Childbirth is a unique experience that affects maternal health physiologically, emotionally, and socially, serving as a significant step in the transition to motherhood. Primiparous women, in particular, often experience fear during pregnancy due to both their anticipation of holding their baby and concerns about the challenges and difficulties they may face during labor. Studies show that fear of childbirth is higher in primiparous women compared to multiparous women and can cause emotional and psychological distress in daily life.
The main causes of fear of childbirth include lack of knowledge about the labor process, inability to tolerate pain, panic, lack of trust in healthcare providers, doubt in vaginal delivery, fear of interventions such as episiotomy or laceration, and concerns about the health of the baby or mother. Additionally, negative birth stories shared in social environments can increase anxiety.
Research indicates that preparation for childbirth can reduce fear and increase active participation in the labor process. When women feel psychologically and physiologically prepared, they are more likely to have a positive birth experience. Furthermore, childbirth self-efficacy-confidence in the ability to cope with labor pain and achieve vaginal birth-is directly associated with birth outcomes. Higher self-efficacy increases perceived control, reduces the need for surgical interventions, and improves postpartum satisfaction.
This study aims to evaluate the effect of a QR code-based virtual tour of the delivery room on childbirth fear, birth readiness, vaginal birth rates, and postpartum breastfeeding self-efficacy in primiparous women. Participants between 28 and 40 weeks of gestation will be provided with a three-step virtual tour: (1) Admission and Interventions in the Delivery Room, (2) Virtual Visit of the Labor and TDL Rooms, and (3) Postpartum Care and Breastfeeding Education. Access to the videos will be provided through separate QR codes for each session.
The study will employ a randomized controlled design. The intervention group will watch the QR code-based videos, and pre-test and post-test measurements will be conducted. The control group will not receive any intervention, and parallel measurements will be taken. Measurement tools include the Wijma Delivery Expectancy/Experience Questionnaire (W-DEQ) Version A, Prenatal Self-Assessment Scale - Birth Readiness Subscale, Self-Efficacy for Normal Birth Scale, Birth Beliefs Scale (BBS), Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES), and Revised Birth Satisfaction Scale (BSS-R).
It is expected that the intervention will reduce fear of childbirth, improve birth readiness and self-efficacy, increase vaginal birth rates, and enhance postpartum breastfeeding satisfaction among primiparous women. Additionally, the study aims to provide an innovative and sustainable model that can contribute to the effectiveness of national initiatives such as Normal Birth Action Plans, Midwifery Clinics, and Antenatal Classes.
The study population consists of primigravida women aged 18-45 attending the Midwifery Clinic at Erzurum City Hospital. The sample size was determined as 100 participants using a priori power analysis and randomly assigned to the intervention and control groups.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention Group - QR Code Virtual Delivery Room Tour | Experimental | Participants will watch three short videos via QR codes covering admission, labor room tour, and postpartum care to reduce childbirth fear and increase birth readiness. |
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| Control Group - Standard Prenatal Care | No Intervention | Participants will receive standard prenatal care without the virtual tour videos. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Virtual Delivery Room Tour via QR Codes | Behavioral | Three short videos via QR codes on admission, labor room, and postpartum care. |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Wijma Birth Expectation/Experience Scale (W-Deq) Version A | The scale was developed by Wijma et al. (1998) to determine fear of childbirth. The validity and reliability study of the scale in Turkish was conducted by Körükçü et al. (2012). It is a 33-item scale with specific cutoff points: low degree of fear of childbirth (≤37), moderate degree of fear of childbirth (38-65), severe degree of fear of childbirth (66-84), and clinical degree of fear of childbirth (≥85). | It will be administered as a pre-test between the 28th and 32nd weeks of pregnancy, and as a post-test between the 38th and 40th weeks of pregnancy. |
| Prenatal Self-Assessment Scale-Readiness for Childbirth Subscale (PSAS-DHO) | The Turkish adaptation of the scale developed by Lederman and Lederman (1979) to assess the adjustment of pregnant women to pregnancy and motherhood was made by Beydağ and Mete (2008). The scale, consisting of 79 items and 7 sub-dimensions, is a 4-point Likert scale (4: describes too much, 3: partially describes, 2: describes somewhat, 1: does not describe at all). The sub-dimensions of the scale are: readiness for childbirth, acceptance of pregnancy, fear of childbirth, acceptance of the maternal role, thoughts about the health of oneself and one's baby, the state of one's relationship with one's own mother, and the state of one's relationship with one's spouse. In this study, the readiness for childbirth sub-dimension will be used. The lowest possible score for the readiness for childbirth sub-dimension is 10, and the highest is 40. A lower score indicates higher adjustment. | It will be administered as a pre-test between the 28th and 32nd weeks of pregnancy, and as a post-test between the 38th and 40th weeks of pregnancy. |
| Self-Efficacy Scale for Normal Delivery | Developed by Kahraman (2020), this is a visual analog scale consisting of 9 questions. To better understand participants' self-efficacy and self-confidence before birth, and to obtain a kind of birth self-efficacy coefficient, the 9 items were transferred to an 11-point visual scale from 0 to 10. The scoring is as follows: "0 points = lack of self-confidence, 10 points = very confident in myself". As the scores obtained from the self-efficacy scale increase, the degree of self-efficacy also increases. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Vaginal Birth Rate | Primiparous women who participated in the study and provided their phone numbers will be contacted within the first 10 days postpartum and asked about the mode of delivery (normal [vaginal] delivery and/or cesarean section). | Within the first 10 days after delivery. |
| Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale (BSES)-Short Form |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
Failure to complete the questionnaires during the study period Preterm birth or pregnancy loss before completion of the study
Participants must be biologically female and pregnant (primigravida women).
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| AYLA KANBUR, PROF. DR. | Atatürk University - Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery | Study Director |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atatürk University - Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Midwifery | Erzurum | Yakutiye | 25030 | Turkey (Türkiye) |
Individual participant data will not be publicly shared due to privacy and ethical considerations. Data may be available from the principal investigator upon reasonable request and with appropriate ethical approval.
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This randomized controlled trial evaluates the effect of a QR code-based virtual delivery room tour on primigravida women's fear of childbirth, delivery readiness, vaginal birth self-efficacy, and postpartum breastfeeding confidence. Conducted at Erzurum City Hospital, participants aged 18-45 weeks 28-32 gestation, literate, and with smartphone access will be randomized into intervention and control groups. The intervention group watches three short videos via QR codes covering admission, labor, and postpartum care. Primary outcomes include fear of childbirth, readiness for delivery, and birth self-efficacy; secondary outcomes include breastfeeding self-efficacy and birth satisfaction. The study aims to reduce childbirth fear, improve vaginal birth rates, and enhance maternal confidence and satisfaction.
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This is an open-label study. Participants and study staff are aware of group assignments. The intervention group receives a QR code-based virtual tour of the delivery room, while the control group receives standard care. Outcome assessments are based on self-reported questionnaires completed by participants, and no blinding is applied.
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| It will be administered as a pre-test between the 28th and 32nd weeks of pregnancy, and as a post-test between the 38th and 40th weeks of pregnancy. |
| Birth Beliefs Scale (BBS) | Developed by Preis and Benyamini (2017) to assess women's core beliefs about childbirth, this scale was adapted into Turkish by Paker and Ertem (2022). Consisting of 11 items, this scale uses a five-point Likert scale. It comprises two sub-dimensions: beliefs that perceive childbirth as a natural process and beliefs that view childbirth as a medical process. Scores ranging from 5 to 25 are obtained for the sub-dimension of beliefs regarding the natural process, and scores ranging from 6 to 30 are obtained for the sub-dimension of beliefs regarding the medical process. Scoring is done by dividing the total score of all items belonging to the relevant sub-dimension by the number of items to calculate the arithmetic mean. The sub-dimension with a higher arithmetic mean reflects the dominant belief style of the woman regarding childbirth. | It will be administered as a pre-test between the 28th and 32nd weeks of pregnancy, and as a post-test between the 38th and 40th weeks of pregnancy. |
The scale was developed by Dennis and Faux (1999) to determine mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy levels, and the initial form consisted of 33 items. Later, Dennis (2003) removed some items and created a new 14-item "short form of the breastfeeding self-efficacy scale". The Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale was conducted by Aluş Tokat et al. (2010). The scale is suitable for use during pregnancy and the postpartum period. The scale is a 5-point Likert scale ranging from "I'm not sure at all" (1 point) to "I'm always sure" (5 points). The lowest possible score is 14, and the highest is 70. Since there is no cutoff point, a higher score indicates higher breastfeeding self-efficacy. |
| On the first 10 days postpartum |
| Birth Satisfaction Scale Revised (BSS-R) Form | The Turkish validity and reliability study of the scale developed by Hollins-Martin and Martin (2014) was conducted by Gökmen (2017). The WMO-R is a 10-item, 3-subdimension measurement tool administered to women who have had a normal delivery, within the first ten days postpartum. The names of the sub-dimensions of the WMO-R are "quality of care," "stress experienced during labor," and "woman's personal characteristics." The scale uses a 5-point Likert type. Strongly disagree is scored as "0 points," disagree as "1 point," undecided as "2 points," agree as "3 points," and strongly agree as "4 points." Scores range from 0 to 40. A higher score indicates increased birth satisfaction for the woman. | On the first 10 days postpartum |