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Summary
The purpose of this interventional study is to determine whether the type of training surface used during plyometric training influences neuromuscular performance, dynamic postural balance, and muscle soreness in young active males. The main questions this study aims to answer are:
Researchers will compare a firm-ground plyometric training group, a sand-surface plyometric training group, and a control group to evaluate the effects of training surfaces on physical performance and recovery.
Participants will:
Detailed Description
This prospective randomised controlled study investigates the effects of plyometric training performed on two different training surfaces (firm ground vs sand) on neuromuscular performance, dynamic postural balance, and lower-limb muscle soreness in young active males. Participants are randomly assigned to one of three groups: a firm-ground plyometric training group, a sand-based plyometric training group, or a control group that continues regular activities without additional training.
The intervention lasts eight weeks, with three supervised training sessions per week for the experimental groups. The plyometric training program includes multidirectional exercises, such as forward bounding jumps, lateral hurdle jumps, and forward hurdle jumps, with progressive increases in training volume throughout the intervention.
Neuromuscular performance is evaluated using the standing long jump, squat jump, countermovement jump, sprint tests (10 m and 20 m), and a change-of-direction speed test (T-test). Dynamic postural balance is assessed using the Y-Balance Test for both dominant and non-dominant stance legs. Lower-limb muscle soreness is recorded after each training session using a 7-point Likert scale.
Pre- and post-intervention assessments are conducted to determine the effects of training surfaces on performance outcomes, balance adaptations, and perceived muscle soreness.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sand-Surface Plyometric Training | Experimental | Participants performed a multidirectional plyometric training program on dry sand three times per week for eight weeks. |
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| Firm-Ground Plyometric Training | Active Comparator | Participants performed a multidirectional plyometric training program on a firm surface three times a week for eight weeks. |
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| control group | No Intervention | Participants continued their usual activities and did not perform additional plyometric training during the eight-week study period. |
| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plyometric Training on Sand | Behavioral | Participants performed a multidirectional plyometric training program on dry sand three times a week for eight weeks. The training sessions included forward bounding jumps, lateral hurdle jumps, and forward hurdle jumps with progressive increases in training volume throughout the intervention period. |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Change in Squat Jump (SJ) height (cm) | Squat Jump height is measured in centimeters using the Optojump infrared optical measurement system. The mean of three trials will be used for analysis. | Baseline and after the 8-week training intervention |
| Change in Countermovement Jump (CMJ) height (cm) | The countermovement jump height was measured in centimetres using the Optojump infrared optical measurement system. The mean of three trials will be used for analysis. | Time Frame: Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in Standing Long Jump distance (cm) | Standing long jump performance is measured as horizontal jump distance in centimetres. The best of three trials will be used for analysis. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in 10-meter sprint time (s) | Sprint performance was measured as the time in seconds to complete the 10-meter split using photoelectric timing gates. The best of three trials will be used for analysis. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in 20-meter sprint time (s) | Sprint performance was measured as the time in seconds to complete the 20-metre sprint using photoelectric timing gates. The best of three trials will be used for analysis. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in T-test time (s) | Change-of-direction speed is measured as the time in seconds it takes to complete the T-test using electronic timing gates. The best of three trials will be used for analysis. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| Mohamed UM jlid, Assoc. Prof. | University Manouba | Study Director |
| Salah Mohammed Abuzaid | University Manouba | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, University of Manouba | Manouba | Manouba | 2010 | Tunisia |
Individual participant data will not be publicly shared to protect participant confidentiality.
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Participants were randomly assigned to one of three parallel groups: a firm-ground plyometric training group, a sand-surface plyometric training group, or a control group. The two experimental groups performed identical plyometric training programs three times per week for eight weeks on different surfaces (firm ground or sand), while the control group maintained their usual activities without additional training. Performance outcomes were assessed before and after the intervention period.
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| Change in Y-Balance Test anterior reach distance on the dominant leg (cm) | Dynamic postural balance is assessed as a maximal anterior reach distance on the dominant leg, measured in centimeters. The best of three trials will be used for analysis. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in Y-Balance Test posteromedial reach distance on the dominant leg (cm) | Dynamic postural balance is assessed as a maximal posteromedial reach distance on the dominant leg, measured in centimeters. The best of three trials will be used for analysis. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in Y-Balance Test posterolateral reach distance on the dominant leg (cm) | Dynamic postural balance is assessed as a maximal posterolateral reach distance on the dominant leg, measured in centimeters. The best of three trials will be used for analysis. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in Y-Balance Test anterior reach distance on the non-dominant leg (cm) | Dynamic postural balance assessed as maximal anterior reach distance on the non-dominant leg, measured in centimeters. The best of three trials will be used for analysis. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in Y-Balance Test posterolateral reach distance on the non-dominant leg (cm) | Dynamic postural balance was assessed as maximal posterolateral reach distance on the non-dominant leg, measured in centimetres. The best of three trials will be used for analysis. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Change in Y-Balance Test posteromedial reach distance on the non-dominant leg (cm) | Dynamic postural balance assessed as maximal posteromedial reach distance on the non-dominant leg, measured in centimeters. The best of three trials will be used for analysis. | Baseline and after 8 weeks |
| Mean lower-limb muscle soreness score (7-point Likert scale) | Lower-limb muscle soreness was assessed using a 7-point Likert scale after each plyometric training session. The mean score across all training sessions will be used for analysis. | After each training session over 8 weeks |