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Does phonophoresis with glyceryl trinitrate gel have an effect in treatment of planter fasciitis patients?
Plantar fasciitis (PF), considered the most common cause of sub-calcaneal pain, was first described in 1812, related to painful sensation in the calcaneus, resulting from degeneration of the plantar fascia. Some reported cases are the result of biomechanical failure that provides tension along the plantar fascia. It is a common dysfunction in runners, due to the high loads they exert on the plantar fascia, but other risk factors are also worth mentioning, such as increased planter flexion, high body mass and high body mass index phonophoresis emerges as a valuable and versatile modality within physiotherapy, demonstrating clinical efficacy across a spectrum of musculoskeletal and inflammatory conditions. The combination of topically applied gel or cream-based medications with ultrasound therapy, operating within specific frequency and intensity ranges, enhances percutaneous absorption of pharmacological agents.
Glyceryl trinitrate can directly relax vascular smooth muscles, especially the smooth muscle of small blood vessels, thus dilating blood vessels and improving the microcirculation. In addition, nitroglycerin interacts with intracellular sulfhydryl to release nitric oxide (NO). NO, as endothelial relaxing factor, activates guanylate cyclase to transform into cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which increases cGMP in smooth muscles and other tissues, thereby causing dephosphorylation of myosin light chain, regulating the contractile state of smooth muscles, relaxing smooth muscles, and dilating blood vessels gap in literature about the effect of glyceryl trinitrate gel in treatment of plantar fasciitis. So the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of glyceryl trinitrate gel in treatment of plantar fasciitis.
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| Label | Type | Description | Intervention Names |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phonophoresis group | Experimental | Ultrasound will be used in addition to topical glyceryl trinitrate gel and therapeutic exercises. |
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| ultrasound only and Therapeutic exercises | Active Comparator |
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| Name | Type | Description | Arm Group Labels | Other Names |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phonophoresis group | Other |
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| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| Ultrasonography | Patients with plantar fasciitis also typically have a thickened fascia. This change could be related to the reparative process of microtears, fiber degeneration, or edema. The average thickness of the plantar fascia in healthy individuals is between 2.2 and 3.6 mm. In patients with plantar fasciitis, it ranges from 4.6 to 6.1 mm. In general, individuals with a plantar fascia thicker than 4 mm are considered to have plantar fasciitis. | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 5 weeks |
| Measure | Description | Time Frame |
|---|---|---|
| visual analogue scale | This scale is the most valid pain rating system and is achieved through the use of a 10-cm horizontal ruler with one end being 0 (no pain) and the other end being 10 (the most severe pain). The ruler has 2 qualitative and quantitative procedures. The patient was asked to mark the qualitative side of the ruler given the extent of their pain. The researcher then returned the ruler and recorded that point as a number. The resulting number is considered as the patient's pain level |
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Inclusion Criteria:
Exclusion Criteria:
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| Name | Role | Phone | Extension | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fouad Sherin Fouad, PhD | Contact | 01014411419 | +20 | fouadshrin2@gmail.com |
| Doaa Rafat Al azab, PhD | Contact | 01005591580 | +20 | doaa.rafat@pt.cu.edu.eg |
| Name | Affiliation | Role |
|---|---|---|
| abeer Abdrahman Mohamed, Phd | Faculty of physical therapy, Cairo university, Egypt | Principal Investigator |
| Facility | Status | City | State | ZIP | Country | Contacts |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cairo university | Cairo | Cairo Governorate | 11311 | Egypt |
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| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D005081 | Exercise Therapy |
| ID | Term |
|---|---|
| D012046 | Rehabilitation |
| D000359 | Aftercare |
| D003266 | Continuity of Patient Care |
| D005791 | Patient Care |
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|
| ultrasound only and Therapeutic exercises | Other |
|
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| From enrollment to the end of treatment at 5 weeks |
| 6-Minu Walk Test | It is a sub-maximal exercise test used to assess walk endurance. How much time patient walked before feeling pain at sole of foot was used as the outcome by which to compare changes in performance capacity pre and post treatment. The 6MWT will be performed along a minimally trafficked flat, straight corridor ideally 30 m in length to be consistent with established reference equations. Reference equations exist for shorter tracks, including 20- and 10-m lengths, Procedural Guidelines for 6-Minute Walk Test reflect space limitations in practice. Continuous walks in various shapes (circular, oval, or square) layouts resulted in greater walk distances than non-continuous. | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 5 weeks |
| Smartphone apps | The examiner was positioned lateral to the participant's pathologic ankle. The phone was positioned such that the bottom corner (toward the home button) of the phone was centered on the participant's lateral malleolus with the side edge of the phone parallel to the longitudinal axis of the participant's fifth metatarsal . Once neutral position was attained, the examiner selected the "Start" button on the app, which recorded the angle of this neutral position. Then, as the participant plantar flexed or dorsiflexed, the examiner rotated the phone's position such that the side edge of the phone was repositioned to be parallel to the longitudinal axis of the participant's fifth metatarsal, with the bottom corner of the phone still centered on the participant's lateral malleolus. At this point, the examiner selected the "End" button, and the recorder documented the measured angle of plantarflexion and dorsiflexion displayed on the screen | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 5 weeks |
| Arabic version of modified foot function index (FFI) | The modified foot function index (FFI) consists of 17 items scored on a VAS scale with a straight line of 10-cm. It was split into three subscales: pain (5 items), disability (9 items), and activity limitation (3 items). The items were rated on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), from 0 to 10. The answers lie between "no pain" and "worst pain imaginable" (pain), "no difficulty" and "so difficult as to be unable" (disability), and "none of the time" and "all of the time" (limitations). A score is calculated for every subgroup of items, and the final score is then calculated by adding the subscale scores and dividing the result by 170. The final percentage score is between 0% (best outcome) and 100% (worst outcome) . The patient is asked to mark the horizontal line at the spot that best corresponds to the effect of the foot complaints. | From enrollment to the end of treatment at 5 weeks |
| D013812 |
| Therapeutics |
| D026741 | Physical Therapy Modalities |