Participants in this arm will perform a supervised, group-based Tai Chi program. The program consists of selected movements from the Yang-style 24-form taught progressively, with emphasis on controlled weight shifting, postural alignment, and coordinated whole-body movement. Each session includes a warm-up period with general stretching, a main Tai Chi practice component with repeated form practice (with rest breaks as needed), and a cool-down period that includes stretching and controlled breathing techniques.

Participants in this arm will receive supervised, group-based Square Stepping Exercise (SSE) performed on a 250 cm × 100 cm mat divided into 40 squares (25 cm each). Participants will practice predefined stepping patterns that include forward, backward, horizontal (lateral), and diagonal steps. Selected patterns will be repeated 3-5 times, followed by the mirrored version for the same number of repetitions. If a participant has difficulty with a pattern, it will be repeated until learned; progression will occur after the participant completes the pattern correctly three consecutive times.

Participants in this arm will follow a home-based program consisting of Frenkel Coordination Exercises (FKE), a coordination-focused exercise approach developed to address gait, balance, and coordination. The exercises emphasize slow, accurate, and well-controlled movements, typically supported by visual guidance and repeated practice to improve movement sequencing and coordination.

Tai Chi will be delivered for 8 weeks, 2 days per week, 1 session per day (total 16 sessions). Each session will last approximately 45-60 minutes and will include warm-up stretching, main Tai Chi practice, and cool-down stretching plus controlled breathing techniques.

Knee joint position sense will be assessed using an electrogoniometer. For standardization, participants will be evaluated in a seated position with back support, with the hip and knee at 90° flexion. A target angle of 30° knee extension (relative to the start position) will be used. When the participant reaches the target angle, she will be asked to hold the position for 5 seconds to learn the angle. The knee will then be returned to the neutral position and the participant will be asked to reproduce the target angle. Measurements will be repeated three times, the mean value will be calculated, and the absolute error (in degrees) will be recorded. Assessments will be conducted in a quiet room with eyes closed, with the joint exposed and barefoot.

Lower-extremity functional strength will be assessed using the Five-Repetition Sit-to-Stand Test (5STS). Participants will sit on a standard chair and fold their arms across the chest. They will be instructed (with verbal explanation and practice before testing) to stand up and sit down five times as quickly as possible. Timing starts from the seated position and ends when the participant returns to the seated position after the 5th repetition. The result will be recorded in seconds; lower times indicate better performance.